Biryukovich, Vladimir Vladimirovich

Adolescence

Vladimir Vladimirovich Biryukovich was born on December 19 (31), 1893 in St. Petersburg in the family of an official, journalist and teacher Vladimir Vasilyevich Biryukovich. After the death of the head of the family in 1906, all cares for children (the eldest son Vladimir was twelve years old and the youngest George only two years old) fell on their mother - Emma Alfonsovna, who came from a noble family Fredericks . When George died in 1926 of typhus in 1926, Vladimir, Vadya (as his mother affectionately called him), will remain her only consolation. The son and mother were very close, as people who were in their house left their memories ^[1] :

An old mother, Vladimir Vladimirovich, lived with him and his wife. She was very old, probably ninety years old. She loved her son Vladyka - the only survivor of her children - with immense love. Vladimir Vladimirovich treated her with touching concern

- A.M. Nekrich

In 1903, Vladimir entered the St. Petersburg gymnasium of Y. G. Gurevich , considered one of the best in the capital. The choice of an educational institution was determined by the long-standing acquaintance of the director of the gymnasium and the father of the gymnasium ( Y. G. Gurevich published and edited the Russian School magazine, in which the historian’s father was constantly published). While studying at the gymnasium, Vladimir showed himself to be a talented student and at the end of the educational institution he was awarded a silver medal. The high award gave grounds to decide on the continuation of studies, and on August 5, 1911, Vladimir wrote a request for his enrollment in students of the historical and philological faculty of St. Petersburg University , where he was accepted a few days later. Prominent Russian scientists became the teachers of Biryukovich: N. I. Kareev , F. F. Sokolov , I. M. Grevs , B. A. Turaev , M. I. Rostovtsev . Most pro-seminaries were devoted to the history of France, which later became the sphere of scientific interests of V.V. Biryukovich.

After the Revolution

In January 1917, V.V. Biryukovich received a final certificate, according to which he could pass the state exam. Russia, meanwhile, was on the verge of great change. The revolution had a severe impact on the material and psychological state of Biryukovich: a native of the intelligentsia painfully reacted to the breaking of old cultural traditions, the cult of collectivism, the suppression of all individualism and personal freedom were deeply repugnant to him. In his diary, Biryukovich wrote:

Liliput thought Trotsky and Lenin, mocking the "naive" proposal of the Social Democratic Mensheviks and s. [Social] -R. [Evolutionaries] to restore the violated civil political freedom, to provide freedom of the press not only to the councils of R. [Abochy] and p. of the [old] d. [eputates], but also to the “bourgeois” and the “Kornilovites”, to preserve the integrity of the person not only for the workers and soldiers, but also for the “counter-revolutionaries”, officers and bankers, to recognize the freedom of coalitions not only for workers, but and for officials, "saboteurs", these midgets, besides whose flea horizons, which cannot cover at least partly the high universal significance of the freedoms they violate, are only fanatical followers of the silly narrow class understanding of the great cultural riches of mankind, people who brought this understanding to the point of absurdity, which made the democratic intelligentsia fear the Bolshevik spirit, which was largely related to it

Painful thoughts about the future of Russia were accompanied by malnutrition and hunger, an overwhelming life, a sense of humiliation in the context of the formation of a cult of the working class. In the hungry and impoverished years, the Russian intellectual had to look for all kinds of earnings. Responding to the appeal of A. V. Lunacharsky “To all students”, V. V. Biryukovich with his brother George began to teach at a labor school. During these years, V.V. Biryukovich could be found in many educational institutions of Petrograd: the Teachers' Institute, the Naval Academy named after Frunze, Archaeological Institute , Communist University. Stalin, Leningrad State University, LIFLI . Teaching in military and civilian universities, conducting lecture work in the mass of soldiers, Biryukovich noticed and recorded in the diary the most interesting phenomena in the public: a stormy and spontaneous process of identifying a person from the masses. Preparation for lectures determined the subject of his scientific work. In 1921, the first publications of the historian were published: “The Fate of Free Farmers in the Reign of Alexander I” and “The Organization of the Life of Free Farmers”.

At the same time, V. V. Biryukovich visited the pro-seminar of N. I. Kareyev, “French Rationalistic and Revolutionary Ideology of the 18th Century,” and was preparing to pass master's exams. These years were reflected in Kareev’s memoirs, where he spoke about VV Biryukovich as “capable and promising in the future” ^[2] . Participation in pro-seminar allowed the young scientist to prepare and publish an article on the historiosophical views of Melchior Grimm , devoted to the issues of ideological struggle in France ^[3] .

Young scientists created informal circles and associations. VV Biryukovich in his notes mentioned one of these circles: “Here is a look expressed in words almost adequate to my own thought, to which I returned again in connection with my visit to the cadet club last Friday” ^[4] . The “Circle of Young Historians”, founded by S. I. Tkhorzhevsky and N. S. Shtakelberg, is another of those visited by V. V. Biryukovich. The circle was closely connected with historical magazines published in the 1920s, in particular with the Annals. Editor E.V. Tarle published on its pages not only articles, but also reviews discussed at the meetings of the circle. Perhaps this is exactly the way in 1923 an article appeared on the pages of the Annals - a review by V. V. Biryukovich “The Political Role of F. Yagov” ^[5] . Participation in circles, scientific and pedagogical activities were for Biryukovich, as he himself admitted on the pages of the diary, a "lifeline" that he was afraid to let out so as not to sweep the wave and carry away "into that terrible abyss over which we still somehow swim ". In 1928, for scientific and pedagogical activities, the Scientific Council of the People's Commissariat of Education awarded him the title of Associate Professor . This was largely due to the fact that in higher educational institutions the scientific degrees of master and doctor were canceled, and young scientists who showed themselves on the pedagogical path were awarded the titles of assistant professor and professor .

In April 1935, V.V. Biryukovich was appointed to the Department of General History of the Military-Political Academy named after Lenin. Biryukovich stood at the origins of this educational institution, created in 1919 as the Teacher Institute of the Red Army. N. G. Tolmacheva. Here, the scientist worked until April 17, 1953: having come as a simple teacher, he became an assistant professor, professor, headed the department of world history and received the military rank of colonel . Biryukovich saw one of the priority tasks in the preparation of textbooks on history, in two years he prepared six manuals on the history of France, Italy, and Germany. In 1936, the first book was published under his editorship, The Netherlands Revolution.

Thesis defense

In 1934, the decree of the Council of People 's Commissars of the USSR “On Academic Degrees and Titles” returned the degrees of candidates and doctors of sciences. For V.V. Biryukovich, this became an incentive to prepare a doctoral dissertation. As the subject of study was chosen French absolutism and financiers of the XVII century. Relying on unknown but vast sources of the archive of the Secretary of the Russian Embassy in Paris P.P. Dubrovsky , Biryukovich began work on his doctoral dissertation. Work on it was somewhat complicated by the redeployment of the school where the scientist served: in 1938, the Military-Political Academy moved to Moscow. Despite this, in the year of the move, “ Historical Notes ” published two articles that were part of a doctoral dissertation: “Popular Uprising in Bordeaux and Guyenne” ^[6] and “French Financiers in the Political Struggle of 1622-1624” ^[7] . The editors of the publication could not fail to notice that the author made no reference to the founders of Marxism-Leninism , therefore, one of them sent a remark.

The defense of the dissertation was held at a meeting of the Academic Council of the Military-Political Academy. Official opponents were S. D. Skazkin and B. F. Porshnev. The latter said: “In his views on absolutism, V. V. Biryukovich is quite lonely. He is looking for a new concept and, perhaps, will create it, but while abruptly attacking his critics, VV Biryukovich falls into the position of that anecdotal soldier who assured that the whole company is not walking in the foot, but he is one in the foot. ” In the concluding remark, Biryukovich sharply answered his opponents ^[8] :

B. F. Porshnev reproached me for not keeping up with the “company”, but one must not forget that the whole “company” consists of three people who really step in the foot. I don’t want to keep up with them, I refuse. I believe that our task is not to invent abstract foundations and dead schemes, but to closely study the sources, proceed from them and apply to them the method by which the founders of Marxism came to their conclusions, but with these conclusions the main installation of my work do not differ in anything

The convincing arguments of V.V. Biryukovich allowed the Academic Council of the Military-Political Academy to unanimously award him the required degree of Doctor of Historical Sciences.

War years

The Great Patriotic War found VV Biryukovich in the hospital: the ulcer earned during the famine made itself felt. The request to send him to the front was refused because of his health, but his experience and knowledge were urgently needed at the Military-Political Academy, which was preparing military and political personnel for the army. From the first days of the war, the Academy reorganized its work in accordance with new tasks. Enemy air raids on Moscow became more intense, and therefore the Academy was redeployed to the city of Belebey . Despite the military difficulties, Biryukovich was preparing new publications for publication, and in 1943 two works on the history of France were published by the publishing house of the Military-Political Academy: “Army of the French Revolution (1789-1794)” and “History of the French Revolution 1789-1794”. At the same time, together with A. Roche, he launched the 5-volume collection “International Documents of the Great Patriotic War,” which provided the study and analysis of international documents and materials by historians in the post-war years, as it included published information on international relations and foreign policy of the USSR in years of the second world war.

Takeoff

In the postwar years, V.V. Biryukovich headed the department of world history, but did not leave his scientific activity either: he wrote articles, reviews, and study guides. This did not go unnoticed, and in 1950 researchers were invited to head the modern history sector of the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences. However, this post was fraught with danger: at that time several managers had changed in the unit, there were not only dismissals, but also arrests of employees (A. L. Guralsky, I. S. Yuzerovich, I. M. Maysky ). Despite this, Biryukovich agreed to head the “dangerous section”. He managed not only to maintain and rally the research team, but also to improve the activities of the sector. The new manager brought in the work of young specialists: V. T. Pashuto , B. A. Aizin , G. N. Sevostyanova , L. V. Pozdeev , Z. S. Belousov , N. D. Smirnov , A. M. Nekrich , V.S. Chad, Yu.V. Harutyunyan .

Wide erudition and great tact provided the historian with recognition from his colleagues. A. M. Nekrich, who was appointed scientific secretary in May 1950, recalled this time: “Very quickly, good business relations arose between us, which soon paved the way and became friendly. We were brought together by the same approach to the work of the sector, a commonality of views. With the advent of Biryukovich, work in the sector began to enter a normal track ” ^[9] .

Versatile education allowed Biryukovich not only to advise on the problems of the history of France of the 17th century, but also to go beyond the framework of the early modern history. The scientist was the scientific adviser to A. G. Kravchenko on the study “Library work in the capitalist countries”, the scientific adviser to I. A. Belyavskaya on the topic “US Internal Economic Policy 1917-1918” and A. V. Chernobaev on the topic “Revolutionary Movement” in the German Navy in 1917-1918 and the Kiel Uprising ” ^[10] . Biryukovich played a significant role in choosing the topic of A.D. Lyublinskaya , whose studies were widely known in Russia and abroad. His first monograph “France at the beginning of the XVII century. (1610-1620) ”she dedicated to the memory of her teachers - O. A. Dobiash-Rozhdestvenskaya and V. V. Biryukovich.

Fall

V.V. Biryukovich as head of the sector of modern history was interested in the problems of diplomatic history and international relations. In 1951, the researcher responded with a review of the Diplomatic Dictionary ^[11] , which he gave a positive assessment. Then he acted as the editor-in-chief of the monograph of the diplomat and historian B. E. Stein "Bourgeois falsifiers of history (1919-1939)." It was because of this book that the tragic events in the life of Biryukovich and Stein happened. These two surnames were combined in one case because of the book of the latter. In the review of V. Nikolaev and A. Dmitriev, the book was called “harmful” and “vicious,” Biryukovich was also criticized as an editor. In connection with these charges, the Institute of History had to take measures: the scientist was relieved of his duties as head of the modern history sector of the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, but retaining the position of senior scientific associate .

At the party bureau of the Institute of History, the question of the book of B. E. Stein and the fault of V. V. Biryukovich as the responsible editor and employee of the institute was brought up for discussion. The meeting was chaired by the secretary of the party bureau NI Samorukov, who took the post of head of the sector after Biryukovich. Последний с приведением цитат из книги Штейна доказывал, что она была направлена на разоблачение империализма, а не на его оправдание. По воспоминаниям А. М. Некрича, «произошла неслыханная в практике Академии вещь: Президиум АН принял 30 мая 1952 г. специальное решение по поводу ошибок в книге Б. Е. Штейна». «Дело» было направлено в Комитет партийного контроля при ЦК ВКП(б) , где председательствовал М. Ф. Шкирятов , за жестокость с провинившимися коммунистами прозванный «Малютой Шкирятовым».

В марте 1953 года через журнал « Вопросы истории » Президиум АН СССР рапортовал: «Нет ещё в Институте истории должной бдительности по отношению к враждебным марксизму-ленинизму „концепциям“ и „точкам зрения“, в результате чего оказался возможным выпуск порочной книги Б. Е. Штейна „Буржуазные фальсификаторы истории 1919—1939“, справедливо осужденной партийной печатью» ^[12] .

Смерть Сталина привела к сворачиванию механизма репрессий. 5 мая в Институт истории АН СССР поступило известие о скоропостижной смерти Владимира Владимировича Бирюковича. Он так и не узнал, что накануне, 4 мая, из ЦК пришло сообщение о прекращении его дела и снятии всех обвинений.

Первые работы

Первый этап творчества В. В. Бирюковича был связан с именем Н. И. Кареева и переломными событиями в мировой истории: Первой мировая война, Февральская и Октябрьская революции, Гражданская война. После сдачи магистерского экзамена молодой ученый начал преподавать русскую историю в высших учебных заведениях. При подготовке к лекциям В. В. Бирюкович заинтересовался эпохой Александра І, в результате этого появились две статьи о вольных хлебопашцах — «Судьба указа о свободных хлебопашцах в царствование Александра I» и «Устройство быта свободных хлебопашцев», которые были опубликованы в новом периодическом журнале «Архив истории труда в России», выпускаемом ученой комиссией по исследованию истории труда в России. Членами этой комиссии и авторами статей журнала были маститые ученые — С. Ф. Платонов, А. Е. Пресняков, Е. В. Тарле, Б. А. Романов, а также соратники по «Историческому кружку», собиравшемуся на квартире Н. С. Штакельберг. В указанных статьях В. В. Бирюкович обратился к мало изученному в исторической науке вопросу о свободных хлебопашцах, оказавшемуся интересным и актуальным для современников историка, поскольку в годы нэпа была сделана попытка создания слоя мелких собственников.

Исследования основывались на печатных материалах Архива государственного Совета, изданных Калачевым, журналах Комитета министров и неопубликованных источниках, почерпнутых историком в Архиве Министерства внутренних дел, а также на неизданных материалах комитета министров и комиссии по составлению законов. Проанализировав выше указанные документы, В. В. Бирюкович отметил, что «в учреждении свободных хлебопашцев нашел отзвук поверхностный либерализм начала Александровского царствования» и то, что «законодательство о свободных хлебопашцах имело мало реальных результатов». В своем первом очерке ученый рассмотрел различные проекты указа о вольных хлебопашцах, а также сам указ от 20 февраля 1803 г., в том числе и радикальный проект графа С. П. Румянцева, гласивший об отпуске крестьян с укреплением за ними земельных наделов. Закон 1803 года о вольных хлебопашцах, стал, по мнению В. В. Бирюковича, своеобразным компромиссом между предложениями С. П. Румянцева и взглядам Государственного Совета. На основании указа императора Александра I от 20 февраля 1803 г. помещики получили право освобождать отдельных крестьян и целые селения с обязательным наделением их землей. Однако на практике крестьяне освобождались без земли, поскольку в Государственном Совете считали: такое положение дел не противоречит закону, так как соблюдалось условие добровольной сделки.

Во втором очерке В. В. Бирюкович задался целью выяснить устройство быта свободных хлебопашцев. Этот вопрос был интересен еще и тем, что в России впервые появился чуждый для русского аграрного строя слой мелких земельных собственников, свободных в личной хозяйственной деятельности и в сфере административно-хозяйственного уклада деревни. В. В. Бирюкович выяснил, что указ 1803 г. четко не регламентировал внутреннюю жизнь нового слоя, хотя этого требовала действительность, так как переход крестьян к самостоятельной деятельности затруднялся их психологией. Историк отмечает, что «где вотчинный надзор проводился длительно и систематически, он в сознании самих крестьян превращался в необходимый элемент их быта». Среди свободных хлебопашцев происходили разногласия, связанные с порядком передачи земли на правах частной, а не общинной собственности, что было новшеством для крестьян. Они должны были самостоятельно распределять землю между собой обычно пропорционально величине взноса, тогда как испокон века в русской деревенской общине практиковалась уравнительная разверстка земли. В таких условиях возникало недоверие друг к другу. Освободившись от вотчинных должностных лиц, некоторые из хлебопашцев переходили к системе выборов сельской администрации на краткий срок, но, не чувствуя доверия к авторитету своих выборных, начинали сменять их произвольно до срока, что сопровождалось столкновениями в крестьянской среде . В итоге, в 1838 г. актом, созданным министром государственных имуществ П. Д. Киселевым, административно-хозяйственный быт свободных хлебопашцев подвергся государственному надзору и опеке. Но и здесь появились препятствия. Свободных хлебопашцев было немного, и они были раздроблены — все это затрудняло объединение их в самостоятельные округа для исполнения повинностей. В. В. Бирюкович приходит к выводу, что «принцип свободы индивидуальной хозяйственной деятельности разбился об общинный порядок крестьянского хозяйства, принцип невмешательства государственной власти в административно-хозяйственную жизнь свободных хлебопашцев должен был отступить перед привычкой последних к авторитетному регулированию их общественных и хозяйственных отношений» . Однако надежды правительства на изменение привычек крестьян, их коллективистского менталитета не сбылись.

История Франции

In 1923, among the participants in the seminar of N.I. Kareyev on the French Revolution, V.V. Biryukovich published in the collection in honor of the 50th anniversary of the teacher's scientific work the article “Philosophical and Historical Worldview of Melchior Grimm”. The topic of publication was determined in connection with personal communication with N. I. Kareev and visiting his seminary. The article was devoted to the issues of ideological struggle in France of the 18th century. V.V. Biryukovich felt the need for such a study, since the first unfavorable signs of a change in state policy regarding science appeared. The historian accurately assessed the situation in the country, demonstrating the outstanding skills of the analyst. In the late 1920s, the process of introducing into historical science a Marxist understanding of history, rejecting the scientific heritage of the great Russian historians - S. M. Solovyov, V. O. Klyuchevsky, N. I. Kareev. VV Biryukovich showed how the monistic nature of rationalist constructions was replaced by the dualism of views.

After the publication of four works, a long break began in the work of V.V. Biryukovich. This circumstance was due to the fact that in the subsequent period, persecution of the old schools of Russian historians began. In our opinion, it is advisable to complete this creative stage of V.V. Biryukovich with the year 1931 - the death of his mentor and simply congenial person N. I. Kareev and the young scientist was enrolled in the "typical pupils" meter. The situation historically developed in the 1930s revealed the impossibility of working on the basis of previous traditions. Despite the fact that discussions on theoretical and methodological problems of history were still ongoing in the 1920s, it became clear that everything was going to establish a monopoly of Marxist theory. Before V.V. Biryukovich, as well as representatives of the intelligentsia, the choice was whether to accept or reject it. The rejection of Marxist theory meant a departure from historical science to other fields of activity, which would have been too painful for VV Biryukovich, a historian by vocation. The second way - not to change the traditions of the St. Petersburg school, openly uphold them - would undoubtedly lead to exile or emigration. There was a compromise that made it possible to remain in science, but at the same time demanded to devise important principles for itself. As a result, Biryukovich continued to study the history of France, in particular, the scientist turns to the problem of popular uprisings, however, the place of historical facts in his works is occupied by the Marxist dogma (he writes his articles of the 1940-1950s on absolutism without reference to any sources, but at the same time he quotes Marx, Engelsk, Lenin in abundance.

Articles

• The fate of the decree on free cultivators during the reign of Alexander I // Archive of the history of labor in Russia. Petrograd, 1921. Book. 1, p. 63-79.
• The device of life of free farmers // Archive of the history of labor in Russia. - Petrograd, 1921. Book. 2, p. 54-64.
• Philosophical and historical worldview of Melchior Grimm // From the distant and near past. Part 2. M., 1923.S. 167-187.
• Uprising in Bordeaux and Guyenne in 1635 // Historical notes. T. 2. 1938.P. 360—397.
• French financiers in the political struggle of 1622-1624 // Historical notes. T. 3.M., 1938.S. 181-240.
• Popular movements in France 1624-1634 // Proceedings of the Military-Political Academy of the Red Army. Sat 4.1940.S. 223-279.
• The fight for the imperial constitution. The May Uprising of 18849 in Southern and Western Germany // The Revolution of 1848-1849. T. 2.M., 1952.P. 69-118.
• * Biryukovich V.V., Levitsky Y. L. Introduction // World History. T. 3.M., 1957.P. 7-21.
• Biryukovich V.V., Lublinskaya A.D. Rise of feudal-absolutist France // World History. - T. 4. - M., 1958. - S. 278-309.
• On some issues of the development of feudal society // VI. 1952. No. 2. P. 30-46.

Textbooks

• The development of the class monarchy in Western Europe in the XIII-XV centuries. L., 1936.
• The absolute monarchy in France. - L .: VPAT, 1936 .-- 31 p.
• The Netherlands Revolution / Ed. V.V. Biryukovich. L., 1936.
• Economic development and class struggle in Western Europe of the 13th – 15th centuries L., 1936.
• The formation of a feudal society. L., 1936 .-- 47 s.
• Germany XVIII century.: The political development of Germany after the Augsburg Peace. Reasons for the economic and political backwardness of Germany, M., 1937. - 43 p.
• Italy XIV — XVI centuries L., 1937 - 36 p.
• Army of the French Revolution (1789-1794). M., 1943. - 60 p.
• History of the French Revolution. 1789-1794. M., 1943.
• Biryukovich V.V., Weinstein O. L. France in the XVI-XVIII centuries. // France and its possessions. M., 1948.
• Biryukovich V.V., Utchenko S. L. History of Ancient Greece. M., 1948 .-- 76 p.
• Chronological table for the course of world history / Comp. V.V. Biryukovich. M., 1948.
• The formation of a feudal society. L., 1949 .-- 40 p.
• Biryukovich V.V., Utchenko S. L. History of Ancient Rome. M., 1949. - 118 p.
• England in the first half of the XIX century. Chartism. M., 1950.
• Azujkor tortenete. Budapest, 1953.- 472 p.
• A new story. - Sofia, 1953.- 472 p.
• Geschischte der Neuzeit. Bd. 1 (1640-1789). Berlin, 1954. - 440 s.

Reviews

• Minister Yagov on the causes of World War // Annals. 1923. No. 2. P. 275—278. Retz. on the book: Gotlib von Jagow. Ursaehen und Ausbruch der Weltkrieges. Berlin, 1923.
• Retz. on school settlement: A. Efimov. New story. 1789-1870. M., 1940. // Marxist historian . 1941. No. 4. P. 115.
• Textbook "New History": Rec. on school pos .: New history / Ed. E.V. Tarle et al. Ch. 1-2. M., 1940. // Military History Journal . 1940. No. 4. P. 130.
• Textbook "New History": Rec. on school pos .: New history / Ed. E.V. Tarle et al. - Ch. 1-2. - M., 1940. // Teacher's newspaper . 1940. No. 27 (February 25). S. 4.
• Retz. on the book: N. E. Zastenker. The revolution of 1848. M .: State educational and pedagogical publishing house of the Ministry of Education of the RSFSR, 1948. - 202 p. // VI . 1951. No. 2. P. 138-142.
• Retz. on the book: Diplomatic Dictionary. T. 2. M.: Gospolitizdat, 1950 .-- 996 p. // Proceedings of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Series history and philosophy. T. 8. 1951. No. 2. P. 182.

Editorial work

• 120th anniversary of the birth of F. Engels. T. V / Edited by V.V. Biryukovich. M., 1941 .-- 164 p.
• International documents of the Great Patriotic War / Comp. V. Biryukovich, A. Roche. Vol. 1-5. M., 1943-1946.
• New History (1640-1789). / Ed. V.V. Biryukovich, B.F. Porshnev, S.D. Skazkin. T. 1.M., 1951.- 472 p.
• Stein B.E. Bourgeois falsifiers of history (1919-1939) / Otv. ed. V.V. Biryukovich. M., 1951. - 235 p.

• Biryukovich V.V. Notes. Diaries of 1917-1924 / comp., entry Art., biography, commentary, afterword. O. I. Zezegova. - Syktyvkar: Publishing house of SSU them. Pitirim Sorokin, 2015 .-- 184 p.
• Zezegova O. I., Zolotarev V.P. Vladimir Vladimirovich Biryukovich (1893-1954) // New and recent history . 2001. No. 5;
• Zezegova O. I. Historical views of V. V. Biryukovich: [dis. ... candidate of historical sciences] / O. I. Zezegova. - Syktyvkar, 2004 .-- 357 p.