Johora singaporensis (lat.) Is a freshwater crab from the genus Johora , an endemic to Singapore that is on the verge of extinction ( protected status granted in 2008). Only two habitats of the species are known, in one of them it is destroyed with high probability [1] .
| Johora singaporensis | ||||||||||||||||
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| Johora singaporensis Ng, 1986 |
International Red Book IUCN 3.1 Critically Endangered : 134219 |
Content
Description
This is a small crab, whose torso width does not exceed 3 centimeters. It lives in small streams flowing through the forest, hiding under stones in shallow water or in clusters of leaves and detritus . Leads mostly nocturnal . The basis of the ration of the crab is made up of detritus and low-chained worms [1] [2] .
Area
The species is endemic to Singapore and was found in only two small areas of relatively untouched biotopes. In one of these areas, in the Bukit-Timah nature reserve, the crab is most likely exterminated, since careful studies conducted before 2008 did not find a single individual in the reserve. Another well-known population lives in the vicinity of the stream on a small hill in the urban area of , on an area of less than 10 hectares, and this territory is partially in private ownership, and partly in the department of military structures. An increase in the acidity of the water could contribute to the extinction of the first population, whereas a very small second seriously threatens to lower the water horizon [1] [3] .
Singapore is home to three endemic species of freshwater crabs. In addition to Johora singaporensis, this is Irmengardia johnsoni and Parathelphusa reticulata , which is also on the verge of extinction [4] .
Phylogeny
The closely related J. sinaporensis species of the genus Johora inhabit the other side of the Johor Strait on the Malacca Peninsula and some neighboring islands; Thus, the range of J. singaporensis is located to the south than in other members of its genus. The species probably forms a sister group with a clade that includes J. tiomanensis , J. counsilmani , J. murphyi , J. johorensis , J. gapensis and J. intermedia , and from which it separated about 5 million years ago, when eustatic changes sea level could contribute to the formation of a land bridge from the mainland to Singapore [5] .
Security Status
The International Union for Conservation of Nature assigned the status “endangered” to CR ( born Critically engangered ) in accordance with the criteria B1ab (iii) + 2ab (iii), which correspond to the small number of the remaining population and the current deterioration of the habitat [1] . Also, the threat to the well-being of Johora singaporensis is primarily due to the small area of its distribution [3] . In 2012, the species was included in the list of hundreds of the most threatened species in a joint publication IUCN and the Zoological Society of London [6] [7] .
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Johora singaporensis , www.iucnredlist.org
- ↑ Where can we find biodiversity in Singapore? (inaccessible link) . Toddycats! Museum Fest 2002 . Raffles Museum of Biodiversity, National University of Singapore . The date of circulation is November 17, 2016. Archived March 2, 2012.
- ↑ 1 2 Neil Cumberlidge, Peter KL Ng et al. Freshwater crabs and the challenges of biodiversity crisis: Importance, threats, status, and conservation challenges : [ eng ] // Biological Conservation. - 2009. - № 142. - p. 1665-1673.
- ↑ Organisms described from Singapore (inaccessible link) . Raffles Museum of Biodiversity, National University of Singapore . The appeal date is November 17, 2016. Archived November 17, 2016.
- ↑ Darren CJ Yeo; Hsi-Te Shih; Rudolf Meier; Peter KL Ng. Phylogeny and the biogeography of the freshwater crab of the genus Johora (Crustacea: Brachyura: Potamidae) from the Malay Peninsula, // Zoologica Scripta : journal. - 2007. - Vol. 36 , no. 3 - P. 255-269 . - DOI : 10.1111 / j.1463-6409.2007.00276.x .
- ↑ Fiona Harvey . The expendables? World's 100 most endangered species listed , The Guardian (September 10, 2012). The appeal date is November 17, 2016.
- ↑ Johora singaporensis , Singapore freshwater crab // Priceless or Worthless? . - Zoological Society of London , 2012. - P. 48-49. - ISBN 978-0-900881-67-1 . (inaccessible link)