Agriculture of the Chelyabinsk region

Postage stamp Russia , 2009

In the XVII century, the population of the current Chelyabinsk region consisted of Russian peasant farmers who settled here, Bashkirs and other nationalities. The main occupation of the indigenous population - the Bashkirs, was semi-nomadic cattle breeding. Cattle were grazed year-round; hay was prepared for small cattle for the winter. Russians settled here were engaged in arable farming, plowed up virgin lands and planted oats , rye , wheat, barley , peas , etc. Vegetables were also grown - turnips, cabbage, carrots. Watermelons were grown in the south of the region.

In 1738, Iset province was created on the territory of the current Chelyabinsk region. The province was considered the most fertile area in the Southern Urals. Its administrative centers were Techa, then Chebarkul. By the middle of the 18th century, Cossack settlements arose here.

In the first half of the 19th century, the population of the Southern Urals increased significantly. Settlements appeared: Paris, Borodinovskoye, Moscow, Tarutino, Berezinovsky, Leipzig, Fershampenoise, Forshtadt and others, which were given the names associated with the Patriotic War of 1812, in which local residents took part.

The main occupation of the population was agriculture with industries - agriculture and cattle breeding. In peasant farming, a three-field crop rotation system prevailed. Among the Bashkirs, cattle breeding remained the main occupation. In the Chelyabinsk district, wheat was the main crop, but peas, barley, millet , buckwheat, flax and hemp were also grown . Potatoes were added to the vegetables.

At that time, bread production in the South Urals exceeded demand. Excess bread, mainly wheat, from the western counties of the province along the Belaya, Samara and Kama rivers was sent to the center of Russia.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the Southern Urals became a supplier of livestock and livestock products: oil, koumiss , kurt. The construction of railways contributed to the entry of agricultural products of the region into the European and Asian markets.

The Stolypin agrarian reform of 1906 in the South Urals increased the growth of commercial agriculture in the grain and livestock sectors. Artels and partnerships for the development of oil were created here, and dairy plants were built. Artels and partnerships were interested in the development of dairy farming.

In 1908 - 1910, oil was exported from the region to domestic and foreign markets at a rate of 3.5 million pounds per year. In 1911, in Chelyabinsk, a union of butter cooperatives arose, which competed with the Siberian Union. Following the development of commodity cattle breeding, pimokatny, fur coat, intestinal, salotope factories, etc. were created.

Commodity farming also developed. In 1908-1910, the export of bread only from the Zlatoust, Chelyabinsk and Trinity counties increased from 3 million 600 thousand pounds to 5 million 80 thousand pounds.

After the Civil War, the sown area in the Chelyabinsk province decreased to 328.3 thousand acres compared with 1920, that is, almost four times. The number of horses decreased by 51%. The number of cattle has declined. Small livestock was destroyed: pigs, goats and sheep.

To sow fields in the spring of 1922, the state had to allocate areas of a thousand wagons of seeds and a large amount of forage for livestock. The peasants were released from the seed loan issued to them in 1920, and they were granted a delay in repaying the seed loans of 1921-1922. In the early 1920s, vapors were introduced in field farms in the Southern Urals (a plowed field is left sown for one summer). This led to an almost twofold increase in yields at the same material costs. In 1922, 80% of the crops were planted in cultural pairs.

Thanks to new farming methods, the agricultural communes of the Chelyabinsk province achieved an almost double increase in the sown area in 1921 compared to 1920. Farms of the Chelyabinsk province in the conditions of drought received high yields.

In 1927-1928, there were more than 350 thousand peasant farms in the Southern Urals, and many had no agricultural implements. A sixth of the farms were horseless. The development of production cooperation was facilitated by the increasing supply of agricultural equipment to the village, tractors and agricultural machinery were transferred to peasant associations. With the emergence of collective farms, state machine-tractor stations (MTS) began to emerge, which were in charge of agricultural machinery. In 1928, the number of collective farms in the Southern Urals quadrupled; in 1929, 17 state farms were created. By the beginning of 1930, the Ural region had prepared about 50 million pounds of bread.

By the end of the first five-year plan, in 1928 - 1933, in the Southern Urals, about 70% of peasant farms entered collective farms. The proportion of collective farms in harvesting grain crops from 3.2% in 1928 increased to 74.2% in 1931 - 1932.

In 1938, the sown area of ​​collective farms and state farms of the region compared with 1913 increased by one and a half times. Grain productivity rose from 5.6 centners per hectare in 1913 to 11.5 centners per hectare in 1937-1939. Collective farms received from the state for perpetual use about 8.5 million hectares of land.

Livestock also developed. For five years (1932-1937) the number of livestock collective farm farms increased 4 times and amounted to 7251 farms in 1938. The number of livestock from January 1, 1934 to January 1, 1938 increased: for horses - by 360%, for cattle - by 39%, for pigs - 141.2%, for sheep and goats - 68.1%.

Agriculture of the Chelyabinsk region in 1939 was presented at the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition in Moscow.

During the Great Patriotic War, the amount of machinery in agriculture in the Chelyabinsk Region decreased, the sown area, especially grain crops, decreased (by 40%), the livestock number was almost halved. Tractors and cars were sent to the army, there was not enough fuel.

After the war, the consolidation of collective farms began. If in 1940 there were 884 collective farms in the Chelyabinsk region, then in 1960 there were 162 collective farms, and by 1970 - 65. The number of state farms increased: in 1940 there were 55, in 1960 - 82, in 1970 - 133 , in 1990 - 193.

After 1954, it was decided to raise virgin and fallow lands. Workers from Chelyabinsk, Magnitogorsk , Miass and other industrial cities of the Chelyabinsk region came to plow virgin lands to the southern regions of the Chelyabinsk region. Mass development of virgin and fallow lands began. Thousands of tractors, combines, cars, plows were sent to help virgin lands. By 1957, there were more than 19 thousand tractors, six thousand combines, four thousand trucks in the agriculture of the Southern Urals. Two years after the development of virgin and fallow lands, a rich harvest was obtained - two and a half million tons of grain. For the development of virgin land, the Chelyabinsk region was awarded the Order of Lenin. 220 people were awarded the Order of Lenin, and 13 people received the Golden Star of the Hero of Socialist Labor.

In the 1980s, the chemicalization of agriculture was carried out in the region, and the technical equipment of agricultural enterprises was improved. In 1990, 27,335 tractors and 10,772 combine harvesters worked here. The average milk yield per cow in 1990 reached 2838 kg (2.6 times higher than the pre-war level).

In 1990, the creation of farms began in the region. In 1994, there were already 7022 of them.

In the 2000s, a support program for agricultural production was implemented in the Chelyabinsk region. In 2003, 1.1 billion rubles were allocated for the development of the agricultural sector; in 2005 - about 2.5 billion rubles.

Currently, 17 investment projects are being implemented in the region to create modern technological production in livestock, poultry, and crop production.

As of October 1, 2016, the number of cattle in farms of all categories was 346.5 thousand heads. In 1990, the number of cattle amounted to 1.2 million heads, in 2000, 614.2 thousand heads.

In 2007, regional cooperatives received 101 million rubles from the regional and federal budgets as financial support. In 2008, equipment was purchased for equipping milk collection points and fodder storage for 28 million rubles.

Currently, the region ranks first in the Ural Federal District for the production of poultry meat. In 2010, 174 thousand tons of poultry meat was produced, which is 14 times more than in 1997. Poultry farms work: Chelyabinsk poultry factory, Magnitogorsk poultry complex, Uralbroiler, Chebarkul bird, Sosnovskaya poultry farm.

New pig-breeding enterprises have been created in the Chelyabinsk region: the Rodnikovsky pig farm of the Uralbroiler company, an enterprise for 7.6 thousand tons of pork per year is being built in the Troitsky district.

The greenhouse industry is developing in the region. Agapovsky agro-industrial complex was commissioned. The bulk of the grown products are processed here. Local food production and trading companies became famous: “ Cheffa ” (chicken egg, pork), “Makfa” (pasta), “Uvelka” (flour and cereal), “ Healthy Farm ” (chilled and frozen poultry meat products and pork, semi-finished products, sausages, delicacies, eggs, dairy products), Sigma (vegetable oil), Sitno (pasta, flour and cereal, poultry meat).

Agricultural workers in the region are trained by the South Ural State Agrarian University , two research institutes are involved in agricultural science (the Research Institute of Horticulture and Potato, the Chelyabinsk Research Institute of Agriculture).

In 2015, livestock prevailed in the agricultural structure of the Chelyabinsk Region, which accounted for 63.5% (76.4 billion rubles) of all agricultural products produced, the share of crop production was 36.5% (43.9 billion rubles).

An important role in the development of agriculture in the Chelyabinsk region is played by poultry and pig farming. In 2015, the Chelyabinsk region took the 2nd place in the production of poultry meat among the Russian regions, the 4th in terms of the number of pigs, and the Chelyabinsk region was in 8th place in the production of pork.

In terms of milk production, the region took 26th place, poultry eggs - 4th place among the regions of the Russian Federation.

From grain crops in the Chelyabinsk region, winter and spring wheat (19th place in the ranking of Russian regions), winter and spring barley (15th place), oats (12th place), buckwheat (11th place), winter are grown and spring rye (37th place), corn for grain (37th place), winter and spring triticale (31st place), millet (41st place).

In the production of leguminous crops, the Chelyabinsk region took 41st place in the ranking, including 39th place in the cultivation of peas.

The region took 21th place in the production of sunflower seeds and potatoes for industrial cultivation. It is located on the 31st place in the cultivation of soybeans, on the 30th in the production of mustard seeds, and in the 26th in the production of seeds of winter and spring rape. The Chelyabinsk region took 17th place in the cultivation of vegetables of open and protected ground, including 26th place in the collection of vegetables of open ground, and 10th in greenhouse vegetables ^[5] .

Pig

The number of pigs in all categories of farms in the Chelyabinsk region as of the end of 2015 amounted to 675.2 thousand heads. In relation to 2014, it grew by 33.6%.

Pork production in the Chelyabinsk region in all categories of farms in 2015 amounted to 104.3 thousand tons in live weight (81.1 thousand tons in terms of slaughter weight). Compared to 2014, pork production in the Chelyabinsk region increased by 12.6%. According to the results of 2015, the region is in 8th place in pork production, the region's share in the total pork production amounted to 2.6%.

Livestock

The total number of cattle in the Chelyabinsk region as of the end of 2015 amounted to 283.0 thousand heads (1.5% of the total number of cattle in the Russian Federation, 20th place among the regions of the country). Including, the number of cows amounted to 132.9 thousand heads (1.6%, 22nd place).

Beef production in the Chelyabinsk region in 2015 was at 46.4 thousand tons in live weight (26.4 thousand tons in terms of slaughter weight). According to the results of the period under review, the region’s share in the total beef production in the country was 1.6%. Chelyabinsk region is in 21st place in terms of beef production.

Milk production in the Chelyabinsk region in 2015 amounted to 466.7 thousand tons - 1.5% of the total volumes in the Russian Federation, 26th place in the ranking of milk producing regions.

Poultry

The production of poultry meat in the Chelyabinsk region in 2015 reached 348.4 thousand tons in live weight (259.8 thousand tons in terms of slaughter weight). Since 2010, indicators have doubled. The share of the region in the total volume of poultry meat produced in the country in 2015 amounted to 5.8%. Chelyabinsk Region takes the 2nd place in the ranking of poultry meat producing regions.

The production of eggs in the Chelyabinsk region in 2015 amounted to 1,577.8 million pieces. This is 3.7% of the total volume of the country. The region is in 4th place in terms of egg production.

Sheep and goat farming

The total number of sheep and goats in the region as of the end of 2015 amounted to 158.4 thousand heads (26th place among the regions of the Russian Federation), which is 1.5% lower than in 2014. The share of the region in the total number of sheep and goats in the Russian Federation in 2015 amounted to 0.6%.

The production of mutton and goat meat in the Chelyabinsk region in 2015 amounted to only 4.5 thousand tons in live weight (at the level of 2.0 thousand tons in terms of slaughter weight). The region’s share in the total volume of the country amounted to 1.0% (23rd place in the ranking of regions of mutton and goat meat producers).

Wheat production in the Chelyabinsk region . Gross harvests of winter and spring wheat in the Chelyabinsk region in 2015 amounted to 1,142.5 thousand tons, which is 1.8% of the total volume in the Russian Federation. In 2015, the region took 19th place in wheat harvesting in the Russian Federation and 10th place in terms of cultivated area of ​​this crop (3.1% of the total wheat area in the Russian Federation, 845.0 thousand ha). Wheat production in the Chelyabinsk region, compared to 2014, increased by 46.4%, however, the size of sown areas decreased by 10.9%.

The production of barley (winter and spring) in the Chelyabinsk region in 2015 amounted to 410.5 thousand tons - 2.3% of all charges in the Russian Federation. Compared to 2014, its production increased by 62.3%, while the size of the cultivated area remained virtually unchanged (+ 1.0%) and amounted to 303.5 thousand ha (3.4% of the total Russian indicators). According to the results of 2015, the Chelyabinsk region is on the 15th place in the collection of barley and in 11th place in the size of the areas occupied under this crop.

Oat production in the Chelyabinsk region in 2015 amounted to 108.3 thousand tons (+ 55.6% compared to 2014). The region's share in the total oat harvest in the Russian Federation is 2.4%. Посевные площади овса в Челябинской области в 2015 году остались практически на отметках предыдущего года – 85,9 тыс. га (+1,1% к показателям 2014 года). Это 2,8% от всех посевных площадей овса в России. Челябинская область занимает 12-е место по валовым сборам и 11-е по размеру посевных площадей овса.

Производство семян подсолнечника в Челябинской области . Объемы сбора подсолнечника на зерно в Челябинской области в 2015 году находились на уровне 39,5 тыс. тонн (0,4% от общего объема сбора подсолнечника на зерно по РФ). Годовой прирост производства составил 54,1%. При этом размер посевных площадей снизился на 7,7% и составил 54,5 тыс. га (0,8% от общих по РФ размеров посевных площадей). Регион находится на 21-м месте по объему сборов и на 20-м по размеру посевных площадей подсолнечника.

Производство гречихи в Челябинской области . Челябинская область входит в пятерку регионов по размерам посевных площадей гречихи в России – 28,1 тыс. га (2,9% от общих по РФ размеров посевных площадей), однако по валовым сборам этой культуры она занимает лишь 11-е место. В 2015 году посевные площади снизились на 13,7% по сравнению с 2014 годом, однако здесь собрали на 30,8% больше гречихи, чем годом ранее – 15,1 тыс. тонн (1,8% от всего урожая по стране).

Производство ржи (озимой и яровой) в Челябинской области в 2015 году составило 5,6 тыс. тонн (+4,8% к объему производства 2014 года) – 0,3% от всех сборов данной культуры в РФ, 37-е место среди регионов. Посевные площади ржи в регионе составили 3,8 тыс. га (+15,4% к размеру площадей 2014 года) – 0,3% от всех площадей ржи в России, 34-е место среди регионов.

Производство кукурузы в Челябинской области в 2015 году находилось на отметках 4,3 тыс. тонн (0,03% от всего производства по РФ, 37-е место среди регионов), что на 57,1% ниже уровня производства 2014 года. Это связано, в первую очередь, со снижением размеров посевных площадей кукурузы на 32,0% в 2015 году по сравнению с 2014 годом. Всего было засеяно 3,6 тыс. га, 0,1% от всех площадей по РФ, 33-е место среди регионов.

Производство тритикале в Челябинской области . В 2015 году производство озимой и яровой тритикале в Челябинской области возросло на 19,6%, в то время как ее посевные площади увеличились в 2 раза. Было произведено 3,5 тыс. тонн тритикале (0,6% от общего сбора тритикале в РФ, 31-е место среди регионов). Размеры посевных площадей тритикале составили 1,9 тыс. га (0,8% от всех площадей тритикале в РФ). По данному показателю регион занял 35-е место.

Производство проса в Челябинской области в 2015 году практически отсутствовало – 0,001 тыс. тонн (-99,2% к объему производства 2014 года) – 0,0002% от всех сборов данной культуры в РФ, 41-е место среди регионов. Посевные площади проса в регионе также значительно снизились (-84,3% к уровню 2014 года) и составили 0,1 тыс. га – 0,02% от всех площадей проса в России, 35-е место среди регионов.

Производство зернобобовых культур в Челябинской области . В 2015 году сборы зернобобовых культур в Челябинской области возросли на 22,0% и составили 8,1 тыс. тонн (0,3% от общероссийского объема производства, 41-е место среди регионов РФ). Из этого объема 6,0 тыс. тонн пришлось на горох (0,3% всего российского объема производства). По размерам посевных площадей зернобобовых культур Челябинская область заняла 37-е место. По отношению к показателям 2014 года их размер снизился на 27,2% и составил 5,9 тыс. га (0,4% от всех площадей в РФ). В том числе под горох было засеяно 4,1 тыс. га (0,4% всех площадей в РФ).

Производство рапса в Челябинской области . В 2015 году объемы производства озимого и ярового рапса в Челябинской области выросли на 34,5% и составили 7,1 тыс. тонн (0,7% от общего сбора рапса в РФ, 26-е место среди регионов). Посевные площади рапса увеличились на 60,7% и достигли 21,7 тыс. га (2,1% от всех площадей рапса в РФ, 16-е место среди регионов).

Производство картофеля в Челябинской области . Объемы производства картофеля промышленного выращивания (в сельхоз организациях и фермерских хозяйствах) в Челябинской области в 2015 году выросли на 9,2% и составили 105,7 тыс. тонн (1,4% от общего сбора картофеля в РФ, 21-е место среди регионов). Посевные площади под картофель по сравнению с 2014 годом увеличились на 17,8% и достигли 7,3 тыс. га (2,0% от всех площадей картофеля в РФ, 13-е место среди регионов).

Производство соевых бобов в Челябинской области в 2015 году находилось на отметках 1,1 тыс. тонн (0,04% от всего производства по РФ, 31-е место среди регионов), что на 139,6% выше уровня производства 2014 года. Однако при этом размеры посевных площадей соевых бобов значительно снизились (-75,1% по сравнению с 2014 годом). Всего было засеяно 2,1 тыс. га, 0,1% от всех площадей по РФ, 29-е место среди регионов.

Производство овощей в Челябинской области. Валовые сборы овощей открытого и защищенного грунта промышленного выращивания в Челябинской области в 2015 году снизились на 30,3% и составили 58,6 тыс. тонн (1,1% от общего объема производства овощей в РФ, 17-е место среди регионов). Из этого количества 58,6% (34,4 тыс. тонн) пришлось на овощи открытого грунта и 41,4% (24,3 тыс. тонн) – на овощи защищенного грунта. К показателям 2014 года объемы производства овощей открытого грунта выросли на 4,8%, а сборы тепличных овощей упали на 52,8%. При этом посевные площади овощей открытого грунта снизились на 13,6%, а их размер составил 1,5 тыс. га (0,8%, 27-е место в рейтинге регионов РФ).

Производство семян горчицы в Челябинской области . В 2015 году сборы семян горчицы в Челябинской области оставили 0,2 тыс. тонн (0,3% от общероссийского производства семян горчицы, 30-е место среди регионов). В 2014 году производства семян горчицы в Челябинской области не было. Посевные площади под данную культуру были на уровне 0,5 тыс. га (0,3% от всех площадей горчицы в РФ, 36-е место в рейтинге регионов.

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• История развития сельского хозяйства на Южном Урале с XVIII века
• Agriculture in the Chelyabinsk region is becoming competitive
• The number of cattle in the Chelyabinsk region decreased by almost 9%
• Farming . Encyclopedia of the Chelyabinsk region.
• Cattle breeding . Encyclopedia of the Chelyabinsk region.