Ejaleth Khabesh ( Ottoman. ایالت بش; Eyālet-i Ḥabeş [ 1] ) - Ottoman Ejaleth . It was also known as the Ejalet Jeddah and Habesh , when Jeddah was its capital [2] , and as Habesh and Hijaz [3] . It occupied the territories of the coast of the Hijaz and Northeast Africa, washed by the waters of the Red Sea [2] . The African territories of ayaleth included the cities of Massavu , Hirgigo, Suakin and their environs.
| Ejalet | |||||
| Ejalet Habesh | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| osman. ایالت حبش Eyālet-i Ḥabeş | |||||
| A country | |||||
| Enters into | - | ||||
| Adm Centre | , and | ||||
| History and geography | |||||
| Date of education | 1554 ; 1813 | ||||
| Date of abolition | 1802 ; 1872 | ||||
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As in the cases of North Africa, Yemen, Bahrain and Lakhsa , the Ottomans did not fully control these territories; often, their real power in the Khabesh area did not extend far beyond the ports where their garrisons were located [4] .
History
Creation
In 1517, the Turks conquered the Mamluk Sultanate, defeating him in battles in Egypt and Syria, during the reign of the Ottoman Sultan Selim I [5] . The territory of the liquidated Sultanate, including Jeddah and Mecca, came under Ottoman control. Jeddah was then fortified to protect the borders of the Ottoman Empire from the Portuguese invasions.
Then the Ottoman Empire began to expand its borders along the rest of the Red Sea coast. Muslim rulers from Sudan and the Arabian Peninsula dominated the African coast of the Red Sea until the Turks appeared there in the 16th century [6] . The ports of Suakina and Massaua were occupied by Özdemir Pasha , who was appointed by the Beylerbey in 1555, and by 1557 the Habesh alelet was formed. Soon, from Massava, which had secondary economic importance, the capital was transferred to the other side of the Red Sea, to Jeddah , which served it from the end of the XVI century to the beginning of the XIX century. Medina also temporarily served as the administrative center of the city in the 18th century [7] .
The Ottomans made several trips deep into Eritrea, conquering the kingdom of Medri Bahri [8] . Sandjak Ibrim was created in the 1560s [9] . In 1571, Khabesh’s Balerbei went with troops to the besieged forces of the Sultanate of Sennar [9] Suakin. Ottoman expansion in Africa was halted in 1578, when the Turks left most of the highlands they occupied earlier. During the following centuries, the Ottoman administration, as a rule, refrained from further expansion, relying on a system of indirect government. Only on the island of Massawa was the Ottoman ruler, who controlled trade and tax collection. The garrison in Hirgigo, consisting of Kurds, Albanians, Turks and Arabs, was mixed with the local population, and their descendants received Ottoman rents and privileges [7] .
Transferring the capital to Jeddah
When the Ottomans took control of the Hejaz in 1517, Sanjak Jeddah was created, under the rule of the Balerbeylik of Egypt [10] . When Jeddah became an important center of commerce, the Ottomans made it the capital of the eponymous Baleirbeylic [11] . In the 18th century, he was annexed to Khabesh's ejalet, and governors of the rank of vizier began to be appointed there [11] .
In 1701, Suakin and other Ottoman possessions on the African coast were subordinated to Jeddah’s Beilerbey [12] . After joining with Jeddah, the ejalet became important [11] . Due to the large distance from the capital of the empire, the central authorities did not sufficiently control Jeddah’s pasha, and their power in the region was mostly nominal [13] .
In 1829, Johann Ludwig Burckhardt noted that the power of the administration in the village was extremely weak and could not be compared with the power of the sheriff of Mecca [14] . Even before the majority of Hijaz was captured by the Wahhabis in 1803, the appointment of Jeddah as a Beillerbea was hardly obvious and was regarded more as a reference [14] . Burckhardt also noted that Pasha called himself not only Jeddah, but also Sawakin and Habesh, and the customs in Sawakin and Massawa continued to remain under his control [14] .
When Muhammad Ali of Egypt achieved success in the Ottoman-Saudi war , he gained control of Habesh in 1813. His son Ahmad Tushun Pasha was appointed to be wali by the decree of the Sultan , thus gaining control over the ports of Sawakin and Massawa. The power of Mohammed Ali was temporary: after the disappearance of the Wahhabi threat, the ejalet returned to the Ottoman Empire in 1827. In 1846, Massawa and Sawakin were placed under the control of Muhammad Ali and remained under the authority of the ruler of Egypt until his death in 1849 [7] .
In 1866, Khabesh was separated from Jeddah and incorporated into the Egyptian Khediwat as a separate territory. Thus, Khabesh ceased to exist in its traditional form.
Administrative division
Sanjaki Ayaleta Habesh [7]
| Sanjak in the 1860s: [15]
|
Notes
- ↑ "Some Provinces of the Ottoman Empire" Archival copy dated July 10, 2015 on the Wayback Machine .
- ↑ 1 2 National Archives (Great Britain) (2004).
- ↑ Almanach de Gotha: annuaire généalogique, diplomatique et statistique .
- ↑ Özbaran, 1994 , p. 194.
- ↑ "History of Arabia."
- ↑ Fred M. Shelley (2013).
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Siegbert Uhlig (2005).
- ↑ Okbazghi Yohannes (1991).
- ↑ 1 2 Charles le Qusene (2007).
- ↑ Numan, 2005 , p. 60
- ↑ 1 2 3 Numan, 2005 , p. 61.
- ↑ Kenneth R Hall (2008).
- ↑ Sir James Porter (1854).
- ↑ 1 2 3 John Lewis Burckhardt (1829).
- ↑ A. Viquesnel (1868).
Literature
- Özbaran, Salih. The Ottoman Response to the European Lands During the Sixteenth Century. - Istanbul: Isis Press, 1994. - xiv + 210 p. - (Analecta Isisiana, vol. XII). - ISBN 975-428-066-5 .
- Numan, Nurtaç. The Emirs of Mecca and the Ottoman Government of Hijaz, 1840-1908 . - Istanbul: The Institute for Graduate Studies in Social Sciences, 2005.