Hanjian

During the Sino-Japanese War , the National Revolutionary Army was defeated in various battles with the Imperial Army of Japan . Chiang Kai-shek explained that the spying of the Hanjiang helped the Japanese and ordered the CC clique commander Chen Leaf to arrest the traitors ^[1] . 4,000 people were arrested in Shanghai ^[2] and 2,000 in Nanjing ^[3] . With the introduction of martial law, formal trials were not carried out, and convicts were often executed, while thousands of men, women, and children watched with explicit approval ^[4]

Wang Jingwei , who led the collaborative National Government of the Republic of China in Nanjing during the war, as well as his supporters, were seen as Han Chinese in China and as Taiwanese soldiers who fought in the Japanese army against Chinese troops and allies. The term also began to be used in the legal norms of modern China and Taiwan. In the Republic of China, in August 1937, an important provision was issued that defined and stipulated punishment during the war, regardless of age, gender or ethnicity ^[5] .

In 1951, the PRC ratified the Instructions for the confiscation of counterrevolutionary property from war criminals, traitors, bureaucrats, and capitalists ( Chinese trad. fǎngémìng fènzi cáichǎn de zhǐshì ).

• Wang Kemin (1879-1945), who collaborated with the Japanese during World War II and participated in the establishment of the pro-Japanese Provisional Government of the Republic of China. After the war, he was arrested by the PRC government and convicted of treason, but committed suicide before his case ended.
• De Van Demchigdonrov (1902-1966), a Mongol prince who collaborated with the Japanese. It was established by the Japanese ruler of Menjiang , a Japanese puppet state in Inner Mongolia. He was arrested by the PRC government in 1949 and charged with high treason, but was later pardoned. Since he was an ethnic Mongol and not a Chinese, some believe that he cannot be considered a Hanjiang.
• Wang Jingwei (1883-1944), Kuomintang politician and former close assistant to Sun Yat-sen , who advocated peace negotiations during the Second Sino-Japanese War. He created the pro-Japanese National Government of China in Nanjing with the help of the Japanese.
• Zhou Fohai (1897-1948), head of Executive Yuan in the government of Wang Jingwei. He was convicted of high treason after the war and sentenced to death, but Chiang Kai-shek commuted the sentence to life imprisonment. He died of illness in prison.
• Chen Gongbo (1892-1946), head of the Legislative Yuan in the government of Wang Jingwei. He fled to Japan after the war, but was extradited back to China, where he was convicted of high treason and executed.
• Yoshiko Kawashima (1907-1948), also known as the "Oriental Diamond", a Manchu princess who grew up in Japan, and spied for the Japanese in Manchuria. After the war, she was arrested and convicted of treason and executed. She has appeared in numerous Chinese and Japanese novels, films, television programs, and video games. In Chinese culture, she was often portrayed as a villain and seducer, while the Japanese portrayed her as a tragic heroine. Due to its origin, some believe that it cannot be regarded as Hanjin.

Most Hanjians in Chinese films and TV shows are translators. Sometimes they are also called Er Guizi ( Chinese р 鬼子 , literally: "the second devil") or Jia Yang Guizi ( Chinese 假 洋鬼子 , literally: "Chinese playing the role of a foreigner").

Sources

• Xia, Yun. Engendering Contempt for Collaborators: Anti-Hanjian Discourse Following the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1945 // Journal of Women's History. - 2013. - Issue. 25 . - S. 111–134 . - DOI : 10.1353 / jowh.2013.0006 .