Ushary-Murza Okotsky

The name of this leader of the prisoners and the “owner” of the Okotsk land is known only from one Russian-language document of 1588 ^{[~ 1]} - letters of petition to his son Shikh-Murza to Tsar Fedor I Ivanovich ^[2] . It is mentioned in the text once in the instrumental case in the outline of the narrative on behalf of Shikh-murza : "and at that time I and my father and Ushary-murza served you, sovereign, by faith and truth" ^{[~ 2]} . Different scholars differently transcribe into the modern Russian language this Nakh name, indicated in a letter in the Old Russian way, also freely using the title of eastern feudal lords, traditional for a given period in the Russian State, like a rza and a rza (and with a small , and with a capital letter). The historian and archaeographer of the times of the Russian Empire S. A. Belokurov in his work of 1889 refers to this military-political figure as Murza Ushar ( Russian doref . Murza Ushar ) ^[3] . Caucasian scientists of the Soviet period (for example , E.N. Kusheva , N.G. Volkova ) began to indicate him as Ushary- or Usharym-Murza / Mirza . In the same period, for some reason, statements appeared that his Nakh ^{[~ 3]} name should have sounded like Usharom-murza ^[4] .

In a 1959 paper, the Nakh version of the name Ushar-Murza was examined (suggested?) By the Chechen linguist I. A. Arsakhanov (by I. A. Arsakhanov - Ushar- M urza ). According to the scientist, the name given in a letter in Russian pronunciation has distinct Chechen phonetic features and was encountered in Chechnya up to the 20th century in the form of a truncated form - Usharma . For example, the name Usharma (by I. A. Arsakhanov - Shikh-Usharma ) was a famous religious and political figure of the 2nd half of the XVIII century, Imam Sheikh Mansur ^[5] .

Probably, the leaders of the locks - Ushary-murza and his son Shikh-murza , entered into subservient relations with the Russian state during the foundation of the first fortification towns in the Terek Valley by Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible . In 1567, on the Terek River, at the confluence of the Sunzha River, a prison was built - the first Terki (representatives of Moscow - Prince A. S. Babichev and P. Protasiev ), about 1572 under the pressure of the Ottoman Empire, the fortification was abandoned; in 1577 or 1578, the second Terki were built in the same place (the representative of Moscow - governor L.Z. Novosiltsev ), however, in 1579 the prison was again abandoned. In a letter brought from Shikh-Murza to Moscow in 1588 ^{[~ 1]} it is reported that during this period he and his father “faithfully” served the interests of the Russian sovereign ^[6] .

Terek Cossacks and residents of Aukha, having a common border along the Terek River, had close mutual contacts. Based on the contents of the letters of Shikh Okotsky to the tsar and the subsequent attitude of the tsarist government towards him, it is possible to assume that the Vainakh-Russian cooperation had its background in earlier times than the period when Russia went to the banks of the Terek River and the beginning of the construction of fortresses on this river.

A large role in the North Caucasus affairs of Ushara Mirza is noted in the letter of Tsar Fedor Ivanovich from 1589. As it turns out, Shikh Okotsky , and even earlier his father Ushar-Murza, served Tsar Ivan the Terrible and "in the Iron Gates he endured much need."

The diploma notes the merits of these Murzes in establishing good relations between the tsarist administration and local feudal lords and bringing them to wool. Little is known about Usharom Murza. Usharom-Murza, apparently, is one of the first Chechen feudal lords who established with Moscow in the middle of the 16th century. close ties that were carried out through the Sunshinsky prison and Tersky city ^{[7] [8]} .

Ushar died in the late 1570s (until 1578). Dying, he bequeathed to his son, Shikh Okotsky, who later became the head of Auch, the royal "word on the head of the hold." If the expression "a word on the head of the state" is not an exaggeration, then this formula, according to experts, "expresses recognition of the vassalness." The exact belonging of this expression to Usharu, knowing about the participation of him and Shikh Okotsky in the military-political events of Russia in the Caucasus, it is difficult to establish, although the union-vassal nature of the relationship between them can be recognized. Undoubtedly, Ushar, and later Shikh Usharomov (Okotsky) "communicated with friendly Kabardian owners, participated in the struggle against the Crimean invaders ", as well as with the North Caucasian owners - opponents of Russia and the Aukhov owners themselves.

A strong factor that compelled the Russian tsarist government to be in alliance with Usharom was the desire of the Tsar of Russia to have Usharom represented by a counterweight and a barrier to his opponents in the North Caucasus. Usharom’s possession was located in an extremely strategically advantageous place, next to the possessions of the Kumyk princes, who were on friendly terms with the enemy of Russia, the Crimean Khanate ^{[8] [9]} .

Comments

Sources

• Arsakhanov I. A. Akkinskiy dialect in the system of the Chechen-Ingush language: monograph. / Under. ed. H. D. Oshaev . - Chechen-Ingush Research Institute of History, Language and Literature. - Grozny : Chechen-Ingush Book Publishing House, 1959. - 180 p. - 1000 copies.
• Belokurov S. A. Russian Relations with the Caucasus (Materials Extracted from the Moscow Main Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs ): [ Russian doref. ] = Relations of Russia with the Caucasus (materials extracted from the Moscow Main Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs): source . essay and Sat doc - M .: University Printing House , 1889. - Issue. I (1578-1613). - I-CXXIX, 1-584 s.
• Kusheva E. N. The peoples of the North Caucasus and their ties with Russia (second half of the XVI - 30s of the XVII century): monograph . / Ed. Publishing House I.U. Budovnits. - Academy of Sciences of the USSR . Institute of History . - M .: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR , 1963 .-- 372 p. - 1,500 copies
• Russian-Chechen relations. The second half of the XVI — XVII century. Sat Doc / Identify, compose, entered. and comment. E. N. Kusheva , otv. ed. N. G. Volkova . - RAS . Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology. N.N. Miklouho-Maclay . RGADA . - M .: Oriental literature , 1997 .-- 416 p. : ill., maps. - 1,500 copies - ISBN 5-02-017955-8 .