The genome of two inhabitants of the Georgian cave Dzudzuana (Dzudzuana Cave), who lived 26 thousand liters. n., deeply connected with the postglacial West European hunter-gatherers from the cluster "Villabruna" [1] .
The Y-chromosome haplogroup J and mitochondrial haplogroup K3 were discovered in the Paleolithic inhabitant of the Georgian cave Satsurbliya , who lived 13.3 thousand years ago. The Y-chromosome haplogroup J2a and mitochondrial haplogroup H13c were found in a Mesolithic hunter from the kotias Klde karst grotto in Western Georgia, who lived 9,529–9,895 thousand years ago [2] .
Ancient DNA showed a deep genetic differentiation between the population of the Caucasus and the Pontic-Caspian steppe of the Eneolithic / Bronze Age, especially on the paternal side. About 7000 years ago, the northern slopes of the Caucasus were settled by immigrants from the south of the Caucasus Range. Since then, the population there remained genetically homogeneous, at least until the second half of the second millennium BC. e. In the Bronze Age, cultural diversity in the Caucasus was superior to genetic. Genetic data do not support any of the archaeological hypotheses about the long-distance migrations of the population from Western Europe to the Caucasus and the appearance of megalithic tombs or dolmens associated with them [3] [4] [5] .
Historically, the settlement of the Caucasus came from the territory of the Middle East, which is confirmed by genetic data. Haplogroup J2 is present in a number of indigenous peoples of the Caucasus: it reaches 88% in the Ingush [6] (subclade J2a1b ), among Chechens 57%, among Abkhazians 10% [6] , among Azerbaijanis up to 31%, among Georgians 27% [6] -29% , Armenians 22% [6] .
The related haplogroup J1 includes Chamalaly (66% [6] ), Bagulaly (21%), Andeans (37%), Dargins (84% [6] ), Tabasarans (50% [7] ) and Lezgins (43% [6] ) It is presented substratum among the Kumyks (21% [6] ), Azerbaijanis (11% [6] ) and Armenians (10% [6] ).
Meanwhile, haplogroup G2 , which only here reaches the highest concentration, can be considered widespread for the Caucasus: 90% among Svans , 86% among Shapsugs , 70% among Ossetians , 54% among Adygs [6] , 47% among Abkhazians [6] , 38% among Kabardins , 37% among Georgians , 19% of Terek Cossacks (due to crossbreeding with Kabardins ). According to scientists, one third of Caucasians have this haplogroup . It is known that in the Neolithic era, this haplogroup is widely represented among the agricultural population of Europe ( Otzi ). The community of carriers of this haplogroup spread from the Colchis region during the Iron Age ( Koban culture ) . This haplogroup should be divided into subclades G2a3, which is common among the Adyghe-Abkhaz peoples and in western Georgia, and G2a1 among the Ossetians, as well as among Georgians and Abkhazians.
haplogroup R1a is poorly represented in the Caucasian peoples. It reaches a relatively high percentage only among the Circassians (20% [6] ) and the Karachais (27.5% [6] f), as well as among the Balkars (26%) [8] . Ossetians, whose language is considered a descendant of the Scythian, “Scythian” genes reach the lowest concentration. At the same time, the presence of this haplogroup among Azerbaijanis (7%) may indicate an Iranian substrate ( Shirvan ), and its presence among Georgians (9%) - about the Polovtsian trace of nomads settled under David the Builder .
In the Middle Ages, the Caucasus experienced an invasion of Turkic peoples. Prior to the arrival of the Turks, Azerbaijan was inhabited by Caucasian Albanians (related to Lezgins ), Armenians, Iranian nationalities , Caspians , Tats, and even Arabs . However, genetically, many Caucasian peoples who speak Turkic languages have local genes (among Azerbaijanis, haplogroup J2 makes up 30% of the entire population, and among Kumyks - 25% [6] ). The exception is Nogais , who have a high percentage of haplogroup N , which is exotic for the Caucasus (9% [6] ). Balkars have a mixed origin. However, the isolation of the “Turkic” gene presents a certain problem. Among the Turkic Kumyks (20% [6] ) and Nogai (18% [6] ), the haplogupp R1b (which is considered “Celtic” in Europe) is widespread. However, this haplogroup reaches much higher concentration in Tabasaran (40% [9] ), Armenians (25% [10] -30% [6] ), as well as among Lezgins, Laks and Avars (in particular, Bagulalov).
Notes
- ↑ Iosif Lazaridis et al. Paleolithic DNA from the Caucasus reveals core of West Eurasian ancestry , 2018
- ↑ Jones, ER et al. Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians, 2015
- ↑ Chuan-Chao Wang et al. Ancient human genome-wide data from a 3000-year interval in the Caucasus corresponds with eco-geographic regions , 04 February 2019
- ↑ The Caucasus in the Bronze Age was not so much a barrier as a bridge , 02/11/2019
- ↑ Dolmens of the ancient North Caucasus were built without outside help
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Distribution of European Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups by country in percentage
- ↑ Description of haplogroup J1-M267
- ↑ The huge genetic influence of the Karachais on the Circassians and Abaza is historically traced. On the genetic structure of the Balkarian people and some historical parallels (inaccessible link)
- ↑ YUNUSBAEV BAYAZIT BULATOVICH. [ http://haplogroup.narod.ru/YunusbaevBB.pdf POPULATION-GENETIC STUDY OF THE PEOPLES OF DAGESTAN BY THE POLYMORPHISM OF Y-CHROMOSOMA AND ALU-INSERTIONS] (Russian) // 2006.
- ↑ High-Resolution Phylogenetic Analysis of Southeastern Europe Traces Major Episodes of Paternal Gene Flow Among Slavic Populations