Bashkir song

S. G. Rybakov. Music and songs of the Ural Muslims with a sketch of their life

Bashkir song is a common musical genre in Bashkir culture. Bashkir songs are characterized by the following features: stanza-stanza form, the ability to be performed without accompaniment by musical instruments, the philosophical generalization of embodiment, the chant of melody.

Bashkir songs differ in folk and created by Bashkir professional composers and poets songwriters.

The scientific classification of Bashkir songs is carried out according to the following principle:

• According to the type of song narrative, Bashkir songs differ in epic-lyrical or lyrical songs. Songs dedicated to love for the motherland, longing for separation along the native land are one of the themes of lyrical songs. In folk songs, there is more often a wanderer’s nostalgia for his homeland (“Yenguzei” / “Yanguzai”), (“Tilmiyaza” / “Tilmiyaza”), (“Kyskhyrmasy, kekuk” / “Do not cuckoo, cuckoo”), in the works of songwriters there is a lengthy approach to the concept of Homeland - (“Guzel 8fem - bash halam” / “Beautiful Ufa is my capital”) - verses by R. Yanbulatova, music by H. Akhmetov, (“Baum, Tier Gelder” / “Flowers Greet Me”) - poems by M. Karim , music by N. Mustakimov;
• According to the functional features of the song, they differ into ritual and non-ritual;
• According to the time of creation, they are distinguished - folklore, created during the years of Soviet power, created in the modern capitalist period;
• On the subject of songs - patriotic, historical (about Salavat Yulaev, the Peasant War of 1773-1775, the Patriotic War of 1812 ("Kutuzov", " Lyubizar "), about the canton commanders, about the heavy army and recruiting service of the Bashkirs), lyrical, social and household, comic. For patriotic historical songs dedicated to Bashkortostan, V.I. Lenin, the party, the Komsomol, shock Komsomol construction sites, significant dates, declarativeness, elevation are characteristic. An exception to this are historical songs on dramatic and tragic motives (about the Great Patriotic War, events and personalities of the distant past. In songs on a historical topic, you can find information about Bashkir-Russian contacts, for example: a Bashkir fugitive participates in a celebration in honor of the coronation of Tsar Alexander II (“Biish-batyr”); the kurai shepherd walks to the tsar on foot, entertains him with playing the kurai, puts him to himself: he gives the kurai the expensive clothes and horses (“Walking Mahmut”); the Bashkir woman treats the king’s koumiss, and gives her a fur coat (“Salikh’s Fur”); the Bashkir beekeeper becomes a worker at the Beloretsk plant, but does not tolerate the low-paid “fiery work” and returns to his native village to his previous occupations (“There are a lot of bees, but no honey”); brother (or father ) loses the cards to the sister (daughter) of his Russian friend (song “Zulkhabira”, version “Zulkagida”), etc. ^[1] ;
• By musical style features and means of expression - Kiska-kyu , halmak -kyu , hamak-kyu, uzun -kyu ;
• According to the performing composition and texture, there are songs with or without instrumental accompaniment, solo and choral, one-voice and many-voice ^[2] .

The separation of all songs by genre is partially conditional.

The rhythmic structure of poetry for Bashkir songs refers to the syllabic system in which the number of stressed syllables does not matter. The system is based on the correspondence of the total number of syllables of the poetic line with the number of syllables of the previous and subsequent lines, according to a certain caesure , dividing the lines into rhythmic parts.

According to the rhythmic pattern, most of the texts of Bashkir songs have the traditional syllabic structure of stanzas: 10-9 - 10-9 or 8-7-8-7.

Bashkir folk songs created over the centuries existed orally. The first recordings of Bashkir songs were made at the end of the 19th century by the Orenburg teacher G. Kh. Enikeev with the help of A. I. Ovodov. The first publications of songs were made in the book of S. G. Rybakov “Music and songs of the Ural Muslims with a sketch of their life” (St. Petersburg, 1897).

During the First World War, Bashkir songs were also studied by Austrian scientists. In 1916, phonograph Robert Lach recorded songs on wax plates. The songs were performed by Bashkir prisoners of war at the Eger camp in Austria-Hungary. Today, the recordings of songs are stored in the phonoarchive of the Vienna Academy of Sciences . Later in Austria-Hungary a collection of Bashkir songs was published. It included songs performed by the Bashkirs of Shagargazi Kusamishev ("Ashkadar", "Gumarov"), Ismagil Galiakhmet ("Ashkadar", "Mezh", "Ural" (two options), "Arendyk", "Living Life", "Parting With homeland ”), Sultangazi Mavlyutova (“ Nightingale ”,“ Sibaev ”,“ Sakmar ”,“ Steppe ”, etc.), Galimyan Tagan (“ Kasim-tyura ”,“ Army ”,“ Beauty Girl ”,“ Iskandar ”, “Tuhvat canton”, “Yelgild”, “Khabir”, “Son of Karim”, “Ural”, “Zaki Validi”, etc.). Lyrics were published in Bashkir and Arabic in Latin transcription with interlinear translation into German. Prisoners of war performed both folk songs and songs of their own composition. So, the former prisoner of war of the First World War, Galiakhmet Rakhmatullin, a native of the village of Bekeshevo (now Kugarchinsky district of the Republic of Belarus), who was captured in the Carpathians and was in Austrian captivity, sang a song of his own composition "Carpathians", composed after the funeral of Bashkir Musin Myrzabay.

The origin of professional songwriting in Bashkortostan was in the 20-30s of the 20th century and was associated with the activities of Bashkir composers G. S. Almukhametov , M. M. Valeev, S. Gabyashi, H. K. Ibragimov, K. Yu. Rakhimov.

This period is characterized by the emergence of a Bashkir song, combining different song genres: Bashkir folk music and modern mass song, solo chorus and choral chorus (“Dan Kiһ, Bashkortostan!” - “Glory to you, Bashkiria!” By Z. G. Ismagilova on verses by R. Nigmati, “Komsomol Yyry” - “Komsomol Song” by H. F. Akhmetov to verses by G. Amiri).

In the late 1940s, a variety of songs appeared such as waltz songs (“Gүzәl Өfөm - bash ҡalam” - “Ufa is a beautiful capital” by Akhmetova to verses by R. S. Yanbulatova, “Tөngө serenade” - “Night Serenade” by A. X. Gabdrakhmanov’s own poems). In the 1950s, the Bashkir composers B. M. Gaisin, N. Galeev, T. Sh. Karimov worked in a different genre. In the 60s, song cycles of composers P. Akhmetov, R.V. Salmanov, R.M. Khasanov, D.D. Khasanshin and others became widespread.

The further development of the song genre takes place in the works of Bashkir composers Sh. Sh. Ibragimov, Sh. Z. Kulborisov, R. A. Murtazin, N. G. Sabitov, Salmanov, in the 70–80s - in the works of Gabdrakhmanov, R. X Gazizova, M. M. Gilyazeva, A. S. Dautova, N. A. Dautova, A. M. Kubagusheva, N. A. Mustakimova, S. A. Nizametdinova, R. Kh. Sakhautdinova, Khasanova, T. M Sharipova.

Since the 90s of the 20th century, concert-type songs have been developing (“Kır ҡaҙҙary” - “Wild Geese” by N. A. Dautov and “Kashiҡ Bul!” - “Fall in Love!” Nizametdinova to verses by D. Kh. Bulgakova, “Daisy” A T. Karimova to the verses of U. K. Kinyabulatov, “Mokhbbәteңә yshanam” - “I Believe in Your Love” by Kubagushev to the verses of R. B. Akhmadiev).

From the end of the 20th century, directions have developed in the Bashkir song: academic-song-romance (composers G. S. Davletberdin, S. R. Salmanov, A. R. Salmanova), pop (A. B. Tuktagulov, Yu. Kh. Uzyanbaev and other).

Bashkir folk and songwriters influenced the Bashkir opera, ballet, symphony, chamber and instrumental music.

A large place in the work of professional composers is occupied by children's songs.

Song competitions held in Bashkortostan by the Ministry of Culture and National Policy of the Republic of Bashkortostan, such as “Irendek Mozdary” (“Melodies of Irandyk”) - ( Sibai ), competitions for the prizes of master performers A. Sultanov, S. contribute to the popularization of Bashkir songs. Abdullina et al.

A. G. Galimov, F. F. Garaev, Fidan Gafarov, R. Gizzatullin, F. Gazzalova, R. A. Gareev, M. Kh. Khismatullin , G. Ishkuvatova, B. Magadeev, F. Bikbulatov, Z. Makhmutov , F.A. Kildiyarova , S. Abdullin, I. Sultanbaev, A. Sultanov , M. Gainetdinov, and others.

• Bashkir folk song

• Ilimbetov V. Kh. Poetics of Bashkir songs. Ufa, 1998.
• Lebedinsky L. N. Bashkir folk songs and tunes. 2nd ed. M., 1965;
• Fomenkov M.P. Bashkir folk song. Ufa, 1976;
• Suleymanov R. S. Pearls of folk art of the Urals. Ufa, 1995.
• Songs of Prisoners of War / Per. with him. to the Bashkir language Z. Raimguzhina, A. Salikhova // Vatandash. 1998. No. 4. P. 106-119. (On the head. Language.).

• G. S. Galina. Art. Song. Bashkir Encyclopedia.
• Poetics of Bashkir songs
• Bashkir lingering song
• A. G. Salikhov. Songs of Bashkir prisoners of war since the First World War: the current state of study
• Songwriting of Chelyabinsk Bashkirs: genre originality and poetic features