Marsh maneuver is an obsolete military term [1] , which refers to the movement of large masses of troops (military units and formations [2] ) in the marching order [3] [4] in order to occupy an advantageous position, regroup, build up forces [5] or exit from a threatening situation [2] .
The need to organize a maneuver , as a rule, is a consequence of sharp changes in the tactical, operational or strategic situation, when the former disposition of the troops no longer allows solving the assigned combat tasks [1] [2] .
March maneuver is considered a form of regrouping of troops [4] . The transfer of troops by a maneuver could be carried out both during offensive / defensive military (combat) actions and during retreat; the direction of the maneuver can be along the front ( Tarutinsky maneuver ), to the front (maneuver of the German army during the invasion of Belgium and France in 1914) or from the front to the rear (departure of Russian troops in 1812 from Borodino village to Moscow ) [2] . In the 20th century, the term maneuver outdated [5] .
Content
Historical essay
For the first time , a maneuver was used in the wars of the second half of the seventeenth century [3] [4] . His appearance is associated with the emergence of permanent mercenary armies , the store supply system of military units and the need to fight with those armed forces that adhere to the cordon strategy of hostilities [3] [4] . Due to the difficulties in recruiting expensive mercenary armies and the risk of large losses, the concept of achieving success came through the threat to the supply bases and enemy strongholds by maneuvering troops out of the battlefield on the communication routes and supplying his forces [3] [4] . In the 17th century, the ultimate measure of success was not the defeat of enemy forces, but the seizure of its territorial possessions or some of them without a decisive battle [4] .
Historical examples:
- The Swedish king Gustav II Adolf in the years 1630–1632 of the thirty-year war of 1618–1648 forced the German troops to surrender almost all of Pomerania without resistance [3] [4] .
- During the war for the Austrian inheritance of 1740–1748, Austrian troops under the command of Field Marshal Thrawn pushed the Prussian troops of King Frederick II out of Bohemia [3] [4] .
Beginning in the second half of the 18th century, Russian commanders A.V. Suvorov and P.A. Rumyantsev found use of a maneuver for decisively defeating the forces of the enemy with a sudden blow, and not only the occupation of its territories, fortresses and cities. For example, in the battle at the Ryaba Graves, superior Turkish forces were defeated due to the rapid entry of Russian units under the command of Rumyantsev on the Turkish flanks and to the rear [3] [4] .
At the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th centuries, the essence of the concept of the march-maneuver underwent a significant transformation due to the emergence of a mass regular armed forces of the mobilization model and the rapid improvement of military equipment and weapons [3] [4] . Since the priority goal of the warring parties was not to seize territories and key points on them, but to destroy the opposing armies, the march maneuvers began to take place during offensive actions to covertly approach the main forces of the enemy, to take advantageous positions to strike or to create superiority over the enemy on the decisive direction [3] [4] .
In the wars of the 20th century, in connection with the emergence and rapid development of fundamentally new means of transport (aviation, road, rail, etc.) and the further increase in the number of armed forces, the march-maneuver gradually lost its previous meaning and was replaced by the independently existing concepts of march and maneuver [3] [4] .
See also
- Flank movement
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 Marsh Maneuver // Great Soviet Encyclopedia / A. M. Prokhorov. - 3rd edition. - The Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 1974. - T. 15. - P. 432.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Marsh Maneuver // Great Soviet Encyclopedia / V. Vvedensky. .. - 2nd edition. - Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 1954. - T. 26. - P. 414. - 300 000 copies.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 March maneuver // Soviet military encyclopedia . - Moscow: Military publishing house of the USSR Ministry of Defense , 1978. - V. 5. - P. 173.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Marsh maneuver // Military Encyclopedia / I.D. Sergeev . - Moscow: Military Publishing House , 2001. - Vol. 5. - p. 21. - ISBN 5-203-1876-6.
- ↑ 1 2 Marsh Maneuver // Military Encyclopedic Dictionary / A. P. Gorkin. - Moscow: The Great Russian Encyclopedia, Ripol Classic, 2001. - Vol . 2. - p. 38. - ISBN 5-7905-0996-7 .
Links
- March Maneuver // Military Encyclopedia : [in 18 t.] / Ed. VF Novitsky [et al.]. - SPb. ; [ M. ]: Type. t-islands I. D. Sytin , 1911-1915.