Meteorological station - a special institution [1] , with a weather site that meets certain requirements, on which standard instruments for continuous meteorological measurements (observations of weather and climate ) are installed on time according to a uniform methodology in a certain sequence, and transfer of the collected data to the Hydrometeorological center or other consumers .
Distinguish between analog and digital weather stations.
At the classical (analog) weather station there are:
- thermometers for measuring air and soil temperatures at different depths,
- maximum and minimum thermometers for measuring the maximum and minimum air temperatures between standard observation periods,
- barometer for measuring atmospheric pressure ,
- hygrometer for measuring air humidity ,
- anemorumbometer (or weather vane ) for measuring wind speed and direction,
- precipitation meter for measuring precipitation ,
- a pluviograph for continuous registration of liquid precipitation during the warm season,
- thermograph for continuous recording of air temperature,
- a hygrograph for continuous recording of air humidity,
- psychrometer for measuring temperature and humidity,
- icing machine for measuring icy-drizzle deposits,
- an iceoscope to detect drizzle and hoarfrost,
- a barograph for determining a barometric trend,
- rail for measuring the height of the snow cover .
With large volumes of work at weather stations, they can be additionally used
- Transmitter for measuring meteorological optical range ,
- Cloud floodlight ( cloud meter ) for measuring the lower boundary of clouds,
- GGI-3000 vapor meter for measuring the amount of evaporation from the earthβs surface,
- heliograph for continuous recording of sunshine,
and other devices.
In a narrow sense, a weather station is an institution that conducts meteorological observations. The main official weather stations of the world are assigned synoptic indices . In Russia, most weather stations are operated by Roshydromet . Depending on the established volume of observations, weather stations have a certain category. Data from weather stations of the USSR were published in the Meteorological Monthly .
Content
- 1 Classification of digital weather stations
- 2 notes
- 2.1 Footnotes
- 3 References
Classification of Digital Weather Stations
Road weather stations
In addition to the sensors listed above, in weather stations use a surface temperature sensor and a temperature sensor at a depth of 30 cm (under the cover), as well as a controller and a GPRS module for transmitting data to information centers. To inform drivers about the weather conditions, information boards are used with the temperature of the surface and air. Also, warnings may appear on the board (WET ROAD, LATERAL WIND, etc.)
Forest weather stations
Forest weather stations serve to prevent the possibility of forest fires. Most often, such weather stations operate on batteries. Stations collect climate data such as tree moisture, soil, and temperature at various levels of forest altitude. Data is processed and a map of fire activity is simulated, which helps the firefighter more easily cope with possible ignition, or prevent the spread of fire.
Hydrological meteorological stations
Hydrological weather stations conduct meteorological and hydrological observations of the weather conditions of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes and swamps. Such weather stations are located on the mainland, at sea floating stations, and there are also river, lake and swamp observation stations.
Domestic home weather stations
They appeared on the market relatively recently. The ancestors of domestic weather stations are ordinary barometers. The functionality of the home weather station is similar to the weather station, only much less data is processed that comes from one or more sensors installed outside the window and in other rooms. Home weather stations show indoor temperature, outdoor temperature, measure humidity, atmospheric pressure and, based on the processing of the received data by the processor, form a daily weather forecast. They work both from the electric network and from replaceable batteries.
Over the past decade, there has been a rapid increase in the number of manufacturers and models of home weather stations supplied to the market. As of the beginning of 2019, there are hundreds of models of digital home weather stations for every taste, with a different set of user functions and cost from several tens to hundreds of US dollars [2] . The general trend is the use of wireless radio sensors, as well as the function of correcting the time of a weather station by the radio signals of an atomic clock [Comm. 1] . In Europe, the most advanced (and most expensive, at least 60-70 euro) home weather stations, in addition to the specified parameters, determine wind speed and direction, rainfall, UV radiation level, and also allow you to distribute the data among other users (via the Internet , or through amateur radio ), and in addition to using their own wireless temperature and humidity sensors, they receive weather forecast data for 3-5 days from satellite signals ( WeatherDirect technology). The latter are most widespread in Germany, in particular, the stations: Aura, Galileo, Twister 300 and similar companies TFA-Dostmann [3] .
Notes
Footnotes
- β The common but incorrect name of a watch with automatic synchronization ( English Radio controlled ).
Links
- Olga Timofeeva. ... and about the weather . Russian reporter (May 2009). Date of treatment September 9, 2010. Archived February 24, 2012.
- Real-time professional and amateur weather stations data