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Formation of the territory of the Russian Empire

Territorial growth of the Russian Empire

The formation of the territory of the Russian Empire was the process of increasing the Russian empire in the XVIII-XX centuries due to the gradual annexation of the adjacent lands of Eastern Europe , the Black Sea region , the North Caucasus , Transcaucasia , Central Asia , the Polar Region , Southern Siberia , the Far East and North America . He continued a similar earlier (XIV-XVIII centuries) process of forming the territory of the Russian state .

In this article, in chronological order with periodization by the years of the Russian emperors' rule, all the territories included in the composition, owned or were in a formal political dependence [1] on the Russian Empire, are presented, indicating the status of each such territory, its acquisition stages and further fate.

Background

Monument to the Millennium of Russia on a 2002 postage stamp

By the middle of the 9th century, an alliance of Eastern Slavic , Finno-Ugric and Baltic tribes formed in the north of the European part of Russia, which formed under the dynasty of Rurikovich , after joining the lower Dnieper region in 882, the Old Russian state - Kievan Rus . From the vocation of the Varangians and the establishment of Rurik in 862, it is customary to count the beginning of Russian statehood [2] .

At the end of the XI century, Russia entered a period of feudal fragmentation , breaking up into separate principalities , which, in turn, continued to be fragmented, aided by the Mongol-Tatar invasion . By this time (the middle of the XIII century), there were about a dozen princedoms in Russia, in the XIV century the number of grand and appanage principalities reached 250 already [3] . Among them were formed and / or elevated new centers - the grand principalities of Moscow , Tver , Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod , Bryansk , etc. [3] It was the Moscow principality that once again united the Russian lands , becoming the basis of the Russian state independent of the Horde (since 1480) [4 ] .

In 1547, the Grand Duchy of Moscow was transformed into the Russian kingdom , strengthened the unitary concept of government and unity of heritage, later evolving into the principle of autocracy [5] .

By the beginning of the 16th century, Russian expansion had gone beyond its own ethnic territory. However, as the director of the Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yuri Petrov, points out, the further process cannot be considered a colonization , since the joining of peoples, as a rule, was followed by a merger of elites [6] . This was often preceded by appeals for patronage ( protectorate ) and voluntary entry into Russia [7] .

Empire

In 1721, after the victorious Northern War, Tsar Peter I was proclaimed emperor All-Russian , Russia became an empire . In the west, at the time, it bordered with Sweden in its Finnish provinces , the Commonwealth in the area from Kurland to Zaporozhye , as well as with the Crimean Khanate . In Ciscaucasia, the borders of Russia were held with the vassal princedoms of the Ottoman Empire and Persia up to the coast of the Terek and the Caspian Sea and, further, with the Younger and Middle Kazakh zhuzes [8] .

 
Russian state in 1547-1725

Faced with the settlement of South Siberia with the Qing Empire , Russia secured its new territories there before the Amur region under the Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689). The Far East was actively developing, where the Pacific Coast from the north to the Shantar Islands became Russian, although it still had to join Chukotka , Kamchatka , Sakhalin , Primorye and the North American possessions in the 18th-20th centuries [9] .

In 1708, that is, to the beginning of the regional reform of Peter , which divided the country into provinces, and to the Nishtadt world (including Ingermanlandia , Estland and Livonia ), the Russian state occupied a total of 15.02 million km² [10] .

Russia in the XVIII — XX centuries was in close and diverse relations with the great world powers , one of which was itself - the Austrian and Austro-Hungarian empires , the British Empire , the royal , imperial and republican France , Prussia and the German Empire , the North American United States . As a rule, they had a restraining influence on the process of expansion of the territory of Russia [11] .

The main vectors of foreign policy and territorial expansion of Russia at the time described determined the rivalry with its geopolitical neighbors, mostly successful [7] :

  • Sweden - which led the latter to the expulsion from the Baltic States, the loss of Finland in favor of Russia and the loss of its other European possessions, except for Sweden itself , that is, the liquidation of the Swedish great power as such [12] ;
  • By the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - which lost the lands of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania that had previously become part of Russia, and later as a result of the division of Poland, lost its independence and was divided [13] ;
  • The Ottoman Empire periods of stagnation and decline - first lost the monopoly on the Black Sea region and its vassals of its northern and eastern parts in favor of Russia, and later the Balkans , which ended with the complete disintegration of this empire [14] ;
  • Persia of the epochs of Afsharids , Zends and Qajars - step by step ceded the lands of their vassals of the Eastern Caucasus and Western Turkestan in favor of Russia and eventually turned out to be divided into spheres of influence between Russia and Britain [15] ;
  • The Qing empire , which successfully advanced in East Turkestan , however, allowed the Russian development of Southern Siberia, Manchuria and Primorye, the actual loss of Outer Mongolia , and also the Yrunkhaysky Territory and the Kvantunsky Peninsula forced to cede Russia and became the object of the division of the spheres of influence of the world powers [16] ;
  • The Japanese empire - which managed to stop the Russian colonization of Manchuria and, in particular, to achieve the transfer of Kvantun from Russia, and also secure the Kuril Islands and, later, the southern part of Sakhalin [17] .

CoA of Russian Empire (1721) .png Peter I (1672–1725) [18]

TerritoryYear of gainRegion, mapStatus, source of territory,
stages of its acquisition
The current status of the territory
Novaya Zemlya , Taimyr , Kamchatka , Commander Islands
1689-1725
Arctic, Far East
Archipelagoes and peninsulas. Colonization, accession [19] .
Arkhangelsk region , Kamchatka , Krasnoyarsk Territory
Western and Southern Caspian - Derbent , Baku , Resht , Gilan , Mazandaran and Astrabad
1722-1723
Caucasus, Middle East
Ostany (province), from Persia under the treaty as a result of the war . Returned under the contract in 1732 [20] (Derbent and Baku - under the contract in 1735) [21] .
Republic of Dagestan , Azerbaijan , Iran ( Gilan , Mazandaran , Golestan ) [22]

The era of palace coups (1725–1762) [23]

TerritoryYear of gain, rulerRegion, mapStatus, source of territory,
stages of its acquisition and further destiny
The current status of the territory
Khakassia
( Kyrgyz land , etc.)
1727,
Peter II
South Siberia
Ulus , tribal unions of the Yenisei Kirghiz , Eushta Tatars and others. Colonization since 1628, control since 1687 as the Kirghiz migrated to the south since 1703. Fixing the border in 1727 under a treaty with the Qing Empire [24] .
The Republic of Khakassia
Younger zhuz of the Kazakh Khanate
1731,
Anna Ioannovna
middle Asia
Zhuz ( inheritance ), voluntary entry. In the years 1801-1876 autonomy ( Bukeyev Horde ) [25] [26] .
West Kazakhstan region of Kazakhstan [22]
- Neyshlot , Vilmanstrand and Friedrichsgam
1743,
Elizabeth I
Baltic
Flax , from Sweden under the treaty as a result of the war . Since 1809, in the Russian Grand Duchy of Finland [27] .
Leningrad Region of Russia, Finland ( South Karelia Region ) [22]
Altai
1747,
Elizabeth I
South Siberia
Mountain District . Colonization, in 1717-1747 the northern Altai was in the possession of the Demidovs , in 1756 the annexation of the southern Altai [28] .
Altai Territory , Altai Republic , Novosibirsk , Kemerovo , Tomsk Regions of Russia, East-Kazakhstan Region [22]
East Prussia
1758,
Elizabeth I
Eastern Europe
The province, from Prussia , the occupation during the Seven Years' War , the oath of allegiance to the Russian crown. The province was returned by treaty in 1762 [29] .
Kaliningrad region of Russia, Klaipeda County of Lithuania , Warmia-Mazury Voivodeship of Poland [22]
Holstein-Gottorp , including Stormarn and Dithmarschen
1761,
Peter III
Central Europe
Duchy, hereditary possession of the emperor of All-Russia. In 1773 ceded Denmark in exchange for Oldenburg and Delmenhorst (see the Gottorp question ) [30] .
Federal state of Schleswig-Holstein , Germany [22]

Russia06.gif Catherine II (1762-1796)

TerritoryYear of gainRegion, mapStatus, source of territory,
stages of its acquisition and further destiny
The current status of the territory
Cyclades and Ikaria
1770
Eastern Mediterranean
27 islands of the Ottoman Empire in the Aegean Sea , the occupation during the naval expedition . The Archipelago Great Principality was formed under the jurisdiction of Russia, the population was accepted into Russian citizenship. Returned in 1774 under the contract , part of the new subjects exported to the Black Sea [31] .
Greece , periphery South Aegean Islands [22]
Ingushetia
1770
North Caucasus
Ingush tribal unions, voluntary entry. In 1810 it was established by the “ Act of the oath of six Ingush surnames of Russia ”. See also: Caucasian War [32] .
The Republic of Ingushetia
Kerch , Enikale , Kinburn
1772
Northern Black Sea Region
Fortress, from the Crimean Khanate under the contract . Recognized by Turkey in 1774 under a treaty as a result of the war . The Crimean Khanate gained independence from the Ottoman Empire under the auspices of Russia [33] .
City district Kerch of the Republic of Crimea of Russia, Ochakovsky district of the Nikolaev area of Ukraine [22]
Inflyantskoe , Mstislavskoe , large parts of Polotsk , Vitebsk Voivodeships of the Commonwealth
1772
Eastern Europe
Povets, including cities: Polotsk , Vitebsk , Mstislavl , Mogilyov , Gomel , Orsha , Dinaburg (Borisoglebs) , Velizh , Sebezh and others. Annexation of the first section of the Commonwealth . Approved by the Diet in 1775 [34] .
Vitebsk , Mogilyov , Gomel regions of Belarus, Daugavpils region of Latvia , [22] Pskov , Smolensk regions of Russia
Oldenburg , Delmenhorst
1773
Central Europe
County and city. In May 1773 they were received from Denmark in exchange for Schleswig-Holstein, in July they were ceded to Prince Bishop of Lübeck Frederick Augustus (see the Gottorp question ) [35] .
Federal State Lower Saxony , Germany [22]
Big and Small Kabarda
1774
North Caucasus
Principality. In 1552-1570, the military alliance with the Russian state, later vassals of Turkey. In the years 1739-1774 under the contract - the buffer principality . Since 1774 in Russian citizenship. See also: Caucasian War [36] .
Stavropol Territory , Kabardino-Balkarian Republic , Chechen Republic
Ossetia
1774
Caucasus
Ossetian tribal alliances, voluntary entry. Recognized by Turkey under the contract in the same year [37] .
Republic of North Ossetia - Alania , Republic of South Ossetia
Danube Principality - Wallachia and Moldavia
1774
Eastern Europe
The vassal principalities of the Ottoman Empire. The right of "protection and patronage" of the Orthodox population under a treaty as a result of the war . Occupation in the course of wars in 1769–1774, 1806–1808, 1809–1812, 1828–1834, and 1853–1854 [38] .
Romania , Moldova [22]
Tarkov shamkhalstvo
1776
North Caucasus
Principality of Kumyks , voluntary entry. Limited autonomy until 1860 [39] .
The Republic of Dagestan
Chukotka
1778
Far East
Chukchi tribal unions, accession by peace treaty [40] .
Chukotka Autonomous Region
Kurile Islands
1778
Far East
Tribal unions of the Ainu , bringing into Russian citizenship, finally by 1782. Under the treaty of 1855, the South Kurils in Japan, under the treaty of 1875 - all the islands [41] .
North Kuril , Kuril and South Kuril urban districts of Sakhalin region
Crimean Khanate - Crimea , Edisan , Dzhambayluk , Edishkul , Small Nogai Horde ( Kuban , Taman ).
1783
Northern Black Sea Region
The Khanate (independent from Turkey since 1772) and the nomadic Nogai tribal unions. The annexation, enshrined in 1792 by treaty as a result of the war . See also: The annexation of the Crimea to the Russian Empire , Novorossia , the Nogai uprising [42] .
Rostov Region , Krasnodar Territory , Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol ; Zaporizhia , Kherson , Nikolaev , Odessa regions of Ukraine [22]
Everland (Jever)
1793
Central Europe
The specific principality , the hereditary possession, was received after the death of Catherine II's brother Friedrich August . In 1807, it was occupied by the French Empire , in the same year, by agreement, Russia was ceded to the Kingdom of Holland . From 1814 - in the Duchy of Oldenburg [43] .
Federal State Lower Saxony , Germany [22]
Minsk , Kiev , Bratslav , eastern parts of Vilna , Novogrudsky , Beresteysky , Volynsky and Podolsky Voivodeships of the Rzecz Pospolita
1793
Eastern Europe
Voivodships and povets with the cities of Pinsk , Minsk , Slutsk , Zhytomyr , Bratslav , Kamyanets-Podilsky, and others. Annexation as a result of the war in the second section of the Commonwealth . Ratified by the Diet in the same year [13] .
Vitebsk , Minsk , Gomel regions of Belarus; Rovno , Khmelnitsky , Zhytomyr , Vinnitsa , Kiev , Cherkasy , Kirovograd Regions of Ukraine [22]
Kurland and Semigalia ; Zhmudskoye , Trokskoye , Braslavskoe , Vilenskoye , Grodno , Novogrudskoye , Beresteyskoye , Vladimirskoye , Volynskoye voivodeships of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
1795
Eastern Europe
Vassal duchy; voivodship and povety liquidated in the third section of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth with the cities: Mitava , Vilna , Troki , Grodno , Novogrudok , Brest-Litovsk , Lutsk , Rovno, and others. Annexation. In the duchy - in the same year the decision of the Landtag on accession [13] .
Latvia ( Zemgale , Kurzeme , Celia regions ); Lithuania ( Samogitia , Aukshtaitia , Dzukia ); Grodno , Brest , Minsk , Gomel regions of Belarus; Volyn , Rovno regions of Ukraine [22]

Russian eagle 1800.png Paul I (1796–1801)

TerritoryYear of gainRegion, mapStatus, source of territory,
stages of its acquisition and further destiny
The current status of the territory
Russian America - Alaska , Aleutian Islands , Alexander Archipelago
1799
North America
Colonial possession. Russian settlements from the 1740s, development, establishment of trading companies . Borders are fixed in 1824-1825 by conventions with the British Empire and the United States . The colony was sold to the USA in 1867 [44] . See also: The Russian-Tlingit War and the Aleut Uprising .
Alaska State , USA [22]
Ionian Islands
1800
Eastern Mediterranean
Владение Франции с 1797 года по договору . Захват , оккупация, учреждение Республики Семи Островов под российско-турецким протекторатом. В 1807 году по договору возвращены Франции. С 1815 года по договору — Ионическая республика под британским протекторатом [45] .
Периферия Ионические острова , Греция [22]
Картли-Кахетинское царство
1801
Transcaucasia
Царство, с 1762 года объединившее Картли (Карталинию) и Кахетию . Протекторат России с 1783 года по договору . Добровольное вхождение, манифест императора о принятии в российское подданство [46] .
Края Грузии : Шида-Картли , Мцхета-Мтианети , Квемо-Картли , Кахети ; Республика Южная Осетия [22]

Russia09.gif Александр I (1801—1825)

TerritoryГод обретенияРегион, картаСтатус, источник территории,
этапы её обретения и дальнейшей судьбы
Современный статус территории
Имеретинское царство (1810), Мегрельское (1803) и Гурийское (1804) княжества
1803—1810
Transcaucasia
Царство и княжества Западной Грузии (с 1774 года независимые от Турции). Протектораты и добровольные вхождения. Закреплены в 1812 году договором с Турцией и в 1813 году договором с Персией. Самоуправление до конца 1860-х годов [47] [48] [49] .
Грузия, края Самегрело-Верхняя Сванетия , Гурия , Имеретия , Самцхе-Джавахетия [22]
Гянджинское (1804), Карабахское ( 1805 ), Шекинское (1805), Ширванское (1805), Бакинское (1806), Кубинское (1806), Дербентское (1806), северная часть Талышского (1809) ханства
1804—1809
Transcaucasia
Вассальные ханства Персии , захват и добровольные вхождения. Закреплены в 1813 году договором с Персией по итогам войны . Ограниченные автономии до 1840-х годов [50] .
Азербайджан , Нагорно-Карабахская Республика [22]
Белостокский округ Пруссии
1807
Eastern Europe
Округ образованной в 1795 году после третьего раздела Польши провинции Новая Восточная Пруссия . Включён в состав России по договору после разгрома Пруссии Французской империей [51] .
Подляское воеводство Польши [22]
Тарнопольский округ Австрии
1809
Eastern Europe
The district is part of the Kingdom of Galicia and the Lodomeria of the Austrian Empire (since 1772, as a result of the first partition of Poland ). Acquired by Russia under an agreement , returned to Austria in 1815 following the results of the Congress of Vienna [52] .
Ternopil region of Ukraine [22]
Finland ,
including Åland Islands
1809
Fennoscandia
Regions of Sweden ( Österland , Österbotten , part of Västerbotten and Lapland ). Acquired by Russia under the contract . An autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland was formed , which from 1811 included the province of Vyborg [53] .
Finland [22] , Republic of Karelia , Murmansk , Leningrad Oblasts
Abkhazian principality
1810
Transcaucasia
Principality, voluntary entry. Secured by the agreement with Turkey in 1812 and the agreement with Persia in 1813. Autonomy until 1864 [54] .
Abkhazia [22]
Bessarabia
1812
Northern Black Sea Region
Eastern counties of the Moldavian principality , vassal of Turkey. Transferred to Russia under the contract as a result of the war . In 1856, Southern Bessarabia (parts of Izmail , Kagul and Akkerman counties ) was lost as a result of the war . It was acquired by Russia again in 1878 following the results of the new war under the treaty [55] .
Moldova , Odessa , Chernivtsi regions of Ukraine [22]
Fort ross
1812
North America
Colonial possession of the Russian-American company , sold into private hands in 1841 [56] .
Sonoma County California , USA [22]
Ilusu Sultanate , Tabasaran Maysumism , Kaitag Utsmiystvo , Avar , Kazikumukh , Kyurinskoe , Mehtulinskoe Khanate , etc.
1813
North Caucasus
Vassalny Dagestan princedoms of Persia, transferred to Russia under the contract as a result of the war . Raids and wars since 1588, gradual seizure and oath of allegiance in accepting Russian citizenship. Autonomy until the 1830s. In 1817-1864, the Caucasian War , see the North Caucasian Imamat [57] .
The Republic of Dagestan
Privislinsky region
1815
Eastern Europe
Most of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw , the occupation since 1813. Obtained on the basis of the Congress of Vienna (except Krakow and Poznan ), the Kingdom of Poland was formed in the personal union of the Russian emperor until 1832, after which it became an “indivisible part” of Russia [58] .
Podlaskie , Mazovia , Lodz , Swietokrzyskie , Lublin Voivodeship of Poland [22]
Krakow and surroundings
1815
Eastern Europe
Republic, formed on the basis of the Congress of Vienna as a free city under the joint protectorate of Austria , Prussia and Russia . In 1836, with the consent of the Allies, it was occupied by Austria , annexed by it in 1846 [59] .
Malopolska Poland [22]
Middle and Senior Zhuzy
Kazakh Khanate
1822
middle Asia
Tribal unions ( zhuzes ) of the Kazakhs . The average Zhuz in Russian citizenship since 1732, the Senior Zhuz - since 1818. The entry into Russia of the highest decree, limited autonomy until 1868 [60] .
Northern , Eastern , Central , Southern regions of Kazakhstan [22]

Russian COA 1825–55 A.jpg Nicholas I (1825–1855)

TerritoryYear of gainRegion, mapStatus, source of territory,
stages of its acquisition and further destiny
The current status of the territory
Part of Falleddistrikta
(Common area)
1826
Arctic
Demarcation of the border with Norway under the convention . Most of the Nyavdemsky and Pazretsky graveyards are ceded [61] .
Finnmark of Norway, [22] Murmansk region
Balkaria and Digoria
1827
North Caucasus
Tribal unions (societies), voluntary entry [62] .
Kabardino-Balkaria , North Ossetia
Karachay , Circassia , Abazinia
1828
North Caucasus
Tribal alliances (society), voluntary entry after the battle during the war . Secured by agreement with Turkey in 1829 [63] .
Krasnodar region , Karachay-Cherkess Republic
Erivan and Nakhichevan Khanate
1828
Transcaucasia
The vassal khanates of Persia, transferred under the treaty as a result of the war , secured by the treaty with Turkey in 1829. Established Armenian region [64] .
Armenia, Nakhichevan AR of Azerbaijan, Turkey [22]
The Black Sea coast of the Caucasus from the mouth of the Kuban to the fortress of St.. Nicholas (northern border of Adjara ), as well as the city of Akhaltsykh and Akhalkalaki with the surroundings
1829
Black Sea coast
The chain of ports and the coastal strip are derived from the Ottoman Empire under a treaty as a result of the war . At the same time, Turkey recognized all Russian acquisitions in the Caucasus [65] .
Krasnodar Territory , Abkhazia , Georgia's Territories Megrelia , Guria , Samtskhe-Javakhetia [22]
Danube Delta , Snake Island
1829
Black Sea coast
The part of Silistria of the Ottoman Empire, obtained by treaty as a result of the war . Since 1856 under the contract in the principality of Moldova [65] .
Tulcea County , Romania ; Kilia district, Odessa region of Ukraine [22]
Principality of Samos
1832
Eastern Mediterranean
The vassal principality of the Ottoman Empire, formed under the auspices of Russia, Britain and France by convention . Since 1913 under the contract in Greece [66] .
Periphery North Aegean Islands , Greece [22]
Principality of Svaneti
1833
Transcaucasia
The vassal principality of the Ottoman Empire, autonomy since 1812 under the contract , voluntary entry. Tribal unions (societies) of Free Svaneti - in 1840. In 1859, the principality was abolished [67] .
Georgia’s territories Samegrelo-Upper Svaneti , Racha-Lechkhumi and Lower Svaneti [22]
Zailisky Territory ( Semirechye ), Chui Valley
1854–1864
Average
Asia
Province of the Kokand Khanate , the conquest since 1850, the adoption of the population in Russian citizenship. In 1851, the conclusion of a trade agreement with the Qing Empire. In 1867, the Semirechye Region was formed [68] .
South Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan [22]
Sakhalin
1855
Far East
Co-ownership of Russia and Japan under the contract . Since 1875, the possession of Russia under a new treaty , in 1905, South Sakhalin under the treaty as a result of the war withdrew to Japan [69] .
Sakhalin region

Russian Coat of Arms 1856.png Alexander II (1855–1881)

TerritoryYear of gainRegion, mapStatus, source of territory,
stages of its acquisition and further destiny
The current status of the territory
Amur region
1858
Far East
The distinction with the Qing Empire under the contract . The Ussuri region from the confluence of the Ussuri River to the Amur to the sea is recognized as a co-ownership of Russia and China [70] .
Amur Region , Khabarovsk Territory , Jewish Autonomous Region
Primorye
1860
Far East
Further delineation with the Qing Empire under the treaty [70] . See also: Noktundo .
Primorsky Krai
Bukhara Emirate
1868
middle Asia
Vassal Khanate. In 1868-1877, the expansion of the territory of the emirate by Russian forces ( Karshi , Shaar , Kitab , Gissar , Kulyab , Darvaz , Karategin , etc.). In 1873, a protectorate was established [71] .
Uzbekistan , Tajikistan [22]
Ili Sultanate
1871
East Turkestan
The Sultanate, which arose as a result of the uprising in the Ili territory of China (Gulja) of China. Invasion, liquidation. The region was temporarily incorporated into the Turkestan Governor-General . In 1881, under an agreement with the Qing Empire, it was demarcated, about 20% of its territory was acquired, and the mass migration of the Uigurs and Dungans from China [72] .
Almaty region of Kazakhstan, Ili-Kazakh Autonomous Republic of China [22]
Khiva (Khorezm) Khanate
1873
middle Asia
Khanate, from 1747 independent of Persia. Under the treaty after the war , a Russian protectorate, deprived of lands in favor of Russia on the right bank of the Amu Darya . It was liquidated in 1919 [73] .
Uzbekistan , Turkmenistan [22]
Kokand Khanate
1876
middle Asia
Khanate, vassalit since 1868, liquidation . The de facto land conquest lasted until 1895 [74] .
Uzbekistan , Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan [22]
Principality of Bulgaria , Eastern Rumelia , Sandrian Adrianople
1877
Balkans
Autonomy in the composition of Turkey and its sandwich Edirne vilayet . Occupation during the war , the formation of the Provisional Russian government . Abolished following the results of the Berlin Congress in 1879 [75] .
Bulgaria , Marmara Region of Turkey [22]
Bayazet (Dogubayazitsky) Sandzhak
1878
Transcaucasia
Autonomous Sandjak of the Erzurum Wilayet of Turkey with the cities of Bayazet , Alashkert . Accession under the contract as a result of the war , Erzerum region was formed . In the same year, it was ceded to Turkey at the end of the Berlin Congress [76] .
Il Agra Turkey [22]
Adjara and Kars-Childyr Sandzhak
1878
Transcaucasia
The frontier sandjaks of Trabzon and Erzurum vilayets of Turkey with the cities of Batum , Kars , Ardahan . Accession under the contract and the results of the Berlin Congress , formed Batumi and Kars regions. In 1921, Kars and Ardagan were ceded to Turkey under the Moscow and Kars treaties [77] .
Adjara Region of Georgia ; Oils Kars and Ardahan Turkey [22]

Lesser Coat of Arms of Russian Empire.svg Alexander III (1881-1894)

TerritoryYear of gainRegion, mapStatus, source of territory,
stages of its acquisition and further destiny
The current status of the territory
Transcaspian region
1884
middle Asia
Nomadic tribes of the Turkmen , bringing into Russian citizenship. In 1885, the Afghan crisis . The border was fixed by the conventions “ On the delimitation to the east of the Caspian Sea ” (1881) and on the border exchange of territories (1893) with Persia [78] , as well as the treaty with Britain in 1907 [79] .
Turkmenistan [22]
Concession in Hankow ( Wuhan )
1886
East Asia
Settlement (about 26 dessiatinas or 28.3 hectares) on the banks of the Yangtze River in central China, a concession under the contract . Terminated in 1920 [80] [81] .
Province of China Hubei [22]

Russian imperiam.png Nicholas II (1894–1917)

TerritoryYear of gainRegion, mapStatus, source of territory,
stages of its acquisition and further destiny
The current status of the territory
Badakhshan
1895
middle Asia
Tribal unions of the Tajiks and others. The development , the delimitation of the region along the Pyanj River through the exchange of notes from the Foreign Ministry with Britain, was enshrined in 1907 by agreement . Bringing the population into Russian citizenship until 1905 [82] .
Gorno-Badakhshan AO of Tajikistan [22]
Manchurian Railway (CER) and its right of way
1896
Far East
Concession for 80 years under an agreement with the Qing Empire. It became invalid as a result of the war under an agreement with Japan in 1905, but the road (with the exception of South Manchurian Railway ) remained under the control of the Russian Eastern Railway Society of the Russian-Chinese (since 1910 Russian-Asian ) bank [83] .
AR Inner Mongolia , Heilongjiang Province of China [22]
Kwantung Peninsula
1898
Far East
The territory, which in 1895, under an agreement with China, was to withdraw to Japan, however, under pressure from Russia, Germany and France, annexation did not occur. In 1898, Russia itself rented a peninsula for 25 years, there Kwantung Oblast was formed. Possession was ceded to Japan as a result of the treaty war in 1905. [84]
Liaoning Province of China [22]
Concession in Tianjin
1900
Far East
Settlement (398 ha), concession under an agreement with China. Terminated in 1920 [85] .
The city of central subordination of the PRC [22]
Northern Iran
1907
Middle East
Sphere of influence north of the line Kasre-Shirin - Isfahan - Yazd - Zulfegar in agreement with Britain. Occupations in 1908 , 1909–1911 and 1914–1918 in order to protect the citizens of Russia in connection with the revolution and intervention. Russian military field courts, the ousting of Turkish troops [86] .
Iran [22]
Franz Josef Land (1873), Emperor Nicholas II Land (1913), New Siberian Islands (1770)
1914
Arctic
The archipelagoes of the Arctic Ocean are fixed as the territory of Russia by the note of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs [87] .
Primorsky District, Arkhangelsk Region , Taimyr Dolgan-Nenets District, Krasnoyarsk Territory , Bulunsky Ulus, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
Uryanhay region
1914
South Siberia
Khoshuns Tuvinians , voluntary entry, protectorate [88] .
Tyva Republic
Eastern Galicia ,
Bucovina
1914
Eastern Europe
The Kingdom and Duchy of Austria-Hungary, captured during the war . Created by the Galician-Bukovinian Governorate-General of the Lviv, Peremyshlensk, Ternopil and Chernivtsi gubernias. In 1915 he was ceded, in 1916 - partially conquered , finally lost in 1917 [89] .
Lviv , Ternopil , Ivano-Frankivsk , Chernivtsi regions of Ukraine, Subcarpathian Voivodeship of Poland [22]
The provinces of Turkey : Bitlis , Diyarbekir , Erzurum , Mamuret-ul-Aziz , Sivas , Trabzon , Van
1916
Asia Minor
Western Armenia , the occupation during the First World War (see. Caucasian Front of WWI ), was established by the Administration of Western Armenia , the region was assigned to Russia by agreement with the Entente powers. The territory was ceded in 1917-1918 [90] [91] .
Regions of Turkey Black Sea , Eastern Anatolia [22]

Failed territories of Russia

Throughout the history of the Russian Empire, due to various circumstances, there have been recurring projects about protectorate or the accession of certain overseas territories to it. These projects have not been implemented [92] .

 

Conclusion

The territory of the Russian Empire in 1875 stretched to 21.6, and at the turn of the XIX — XX centuries - to 22.4 million km², that is, 1/6 of the inhabited land of the Earth [93] . According to this parameter, it ranked second in the world (and the third of the ever existing states ), after the British Empire, but, unlike the latter, was a single geopolitical whole. While on the economic rise , Russia in 1914, however, entered World War I , pursuing, among others, the following expansionist goals [94] :

  • strengthening their dominance among the Slavic peoples (see Pan-Slavism ) and, in particular, the assistance of Serbia ;
  • the annexation of Polish lands, which, after the division of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, ceded Germany and Austria-Hungary (in particular, Galicia and Ugric Russia );
  • the conquest of the Black Sea straits , including Constantinople .

The war led to the extreme tension of the forces of all the warring powers and, as a result, to the collapse of four world empires, including Russia. Large territorial, human losses and rapid economic degradation caused a general crisis of power in Russia. In 1917, as a result of the February Revolution , the monarchy was abolished , the October Revolution occurred in the same year, after which power was monopolized by a bloc of left-wing political parties led by the RSDLP (b) (see Dictatorship of the Proletariat ) [95] .

The ensuing civil war of 1918–1922 led to the collapse of Russian statehood and the collapse of the country . As a result of the intensification of separatism and foreign intervention on the site of the former empire, more than 80 state formations were formed. The described crisis ended, basically, only by 1922. Интервенты были изгнаны, а экс-империя переформатирована в Союз Советских Социалистических Республик , заново объединивший бо́льшую часть её территории и добившийся своего постепенного международно-правового признания с учётом новых реалий [95] .

См. Формирование территории СССР .

See also

  • The history of the administrative-territorial division of Russia
  • Территория Российской империи по состоянию на 1914 год
  • Дипломатические отношения дореволюционной России
  • Путешественники России
  • Русско-шведские войны и Шведское великодержавие
  • Русско-польские войны и Разделы Речи Посполитой
  • Русско-турецкие войны и Восточный вопрос
  • Русско-персидские войны
  • Кавказская война , Российские укреплённые линии
  • Новороссия , Славяносербия и Новая Сербия
  • Присоединение Крыма к Российской империи
  • Среднеазиатские владения Российской империи и Большая Игра
  • Покорение Сибири ; Шерть и Ясак
  • Присоединение Приамурья и Приморья к России
  • Присоединение Чукотки к России
  • Русская Америка

Notes

  1. ↑ То есть без учёта формально равноправных союзов и коалиций России с другими государствами, а также её оккупаций тех или иных внешних территорий без принятия на себя властных функций.
  2. ↑ Кузьмин В. От Рюрика . — « Российская газета », № 5536 (160), 25 июля 2011 года.
  3. ↑ 1 2 Рыбаков Б. Киевская Русь и русские княжества XII−XIII вв.. — М. : Наука , 1982. — 592 с.
  4. ↑

    Уже более полутора столетий признаны общепринятыми выражения «Московское государство» и «Московское царство». Они употребляются обычно как тождественные терминам «Российское государство» и «Русское государство».

    — Шмидт С. В некотором царстве, в некотором государстве… : как правильнее называть Российскую державу в XVI веке. — Журнал «Родина» , 2004. — № 12. — С. 35-40.
  5. ↑ Костомаров Н. Начало единодержавия в России // Собр. cit. в 8 кн., 21 т. Исторические монографии и исследования. - SPb. , Тип. М. Стасюлевича , 1903. — Книга 5. Т. 12.
  6. ↑ Сумская О. Из учебников исчезнет татаро-монгольское иго . — Утро.ру , 26 сентября 2013 года.
  7. ↑ 1 2 Под стягом России // Сост. Сазонов А., Герасимова Г., Глушкова О. — М. : Русская книга, 1992. — 432 с. — ISBN 5-268-01436-6
  8. ↑ Флоря Б . Русское государство и его западные соседи (1655-1661 гг.). — М. : Индрик, 2010. — С. 10. — ISBN 978-5-91674-082-0 .
  9. ↑ Алексеев А. Освоение русскими людьми Дальнего Востока и Русской Америки до конца XIX века / Отв. ed. А. Окладников . Институт истории СССР АН СССР . — М. : Наука , 1982. — 288 с.
  10. ↑ Россия // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона в 86 т. — СПб. , 1899. — Т. 54. — С. 211—213.
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  13. ↑ 1 2 3 Соловьёв С. История падения Польши . - M .: Type. Грачёва и комп., 1863. — 378 с.
  14. ↑ Османская (Оттоманская) империя в энциклопедии « Кругосвет ».
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  18. ↑ Здесь и далее в названиях глав приводятся герб России соответствующих лет, имя императора, его официальное прозвище и годы правления.
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  34. ↑ Носов Б. Польша и Европа в XVIII веке: Междунар. и внутрен. факторы разделов Речи Посполитой . — М. : Ин-т славяноведения РАН, 1999. — 228 с. — ISBN 5-7576-0079-9
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  79. ↑ Горный М. Поход на афганцев и бой на Кушке (1885 г.) — М. : Тип. Е. И. Коновалова, 1901. — 108 с.
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Links

  • Раздел «Формирование, исследование и картографирование территории России» в « Национальном атласе России », официальном сайте Роскартографии :
    • Российское государство в 1689—1725 гг.
    • Российская империя в 1725—1815 гг.
    • Российская империя в 1815—1917 гг.
Источник — https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Формирование_территории_Российской_империи&oldid=100989021


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