Breech

Kazyonnokoshtny - in the 17th century - the first half of the 19th century, the name of the students of some educational institutions, trained and supported entirely at the expense of state funds, for “ official kosht” (as opposed to self-made ).

When developing the project for the creation of Moscow University , the experience of keeping students at the state expense of the Academy of Sciences was used . The first option provided for the maintenance of state-owned students ^[1] in 20 people, then 30 people; as well as state-owned high school students - 50 people each from noblemen and raznochintsy. As a result, at the Moscow University, initially the largest number of public places was in the Faculty of Philosophy , from which training began, and by the beginning of the 19th century the number of official places in the state was: 40 people in the legal , mathematical and verbal departments and 100 people in the medical department. This situation was practically preserved until the end of the 19th century.

Students were accepted for official kosht on the basis of a petition subject to good academic performance, good behavior and the presentation of a certificate of poverty, signed by several persons of noble origin. Upon graduation, they were supposed to serve for at least 6 years under the authority of the Ministry of Education as compensation for government spending on their education ^[2] .

Various departments allocated financial resources for the maintenance of students, so that at the end of the course they entered the service in this department ^[3] . There were also special “Caucasian state foster children” who were obliged to serve at least six years in the Caucasus at the end of the course.

Boss students were provided with housing, meals, uniforms, stationery, and textbooks. This paved the way for the education of young people from low-income groups.

Judging by the memoirs, many of their own were jealous of the satisfaction of state-owned students. Everything necessary for study, from the clothes and books recommended by professors for lectures, to greasy candles, writing paper, pencils, ink and pens, was provided by the university. University ministers monitored the change of linen, cleaned students' dresses and boots, even sewed on the missing buttons on the uniform - in such a way that the goal was achieved so that all the time state-owned students could be devoted to science ^[2] .

Cossack students lived in rooms specially allocated for them: long and vast halls - “cells”. There were 8-10 people in one cell. The furnishings of the rooms consisted of iron beds along walls enclosed by shields; there were bedside tables near the beds, and in the center, facing each other, several music stands with sliding boards for books and notebooks, for which students prepared their lessons. In the middle of the cell there were two tables with drawers and benches for classes. In government houses, the strict order of the day was observed (rise at 7 a.m., lectures from 9 to 2 p.m. and from 3 to 6, at 11 a.m. - sleep). During the lectures, the on-duty sub-inspector went around the rooms and sent students who did not attend classes to the university. It was allowed to study at night, not in the room, but in the student library, as well as leave the university for relatives or friends and spend the night there (with the permission of the sub-inspector). On holidays, state-owned students were required to attend church services ^[2] .

In 1858 ^[4] state-owned students were moved to free apartments, and instead of full maintenance, they began to receive a certain amount in the form of scholarships . In a number of educational institutions, where there were boarding schools and boarding houses ^[5] , state scholarships were not issued, and pupils who received these scholarships were obliged to live in boarding schools and boarding houses.

Cossack students read a lot, bought books in a fold. Despite the prohibitions, freethinking works (poems by Pushkin , K.F. Ryleyev , A.I. Polezhaev, and others) were widely distributed among students. Students often arranged literary evenings at which they read aloud their own works and arranged disputes about essays published at that time ^[2] .

The introduction of tuition fees and the refusal to maintain “state-owned apartments” (1841) significantly limited the possibility of obtaining higher education for the poor. Donations for the maintenance of university pupils have always been one of the most common types of “assistance” to universities from the side of Russian society, and in the second half of the 19th century this activity acquired new forms of organizing charitable committees or societies. Societies in support of university students arose in the early 1870s. in Moscow, Kazan and St. Petersburg. According to the Charter, societies set the goal of “providing poor university students with“ livelihoods for graduating from university ” ^[6] .