Samad Khan Mukaddam ( Azeri. مقدم ان صمد, Hacı Səməd xan Müqəddəm , Pers. مقدم خان صمد ; b. 1852 - d. 1914 ) - Persian Army Major . Also known as Shuja-ud-dodla .
| Samad Khan Mukaddam | |
|---|---|
| azerb. مقدم ان صمد, Hacı Səməd xan Müqəddəm , pers. مقدم ان صمد | |
| Date of Birth | 1852 |
| Place of Birth | with. Maraga , Azerbaijan |
| Date of death | 1914 |
| Place of death | Moscow |
| Affiliation | Persia |
| Rank | major general |
| Battles / Wars | Constitutional revolution in iran |
Content
Biography
Haji Samad Khan was born in 1852 in an Azerbaijani family in the city of Marage, Iranian Azerbaijan, and was the eldest son of Iskander Khan Mukaddam. He became a hakim after the death of his father in early January 1880 .
Constitutional Period
The years of the Constitutional Revolution in Iran were the first signal of the erosion of the Mukaddamov patrimonial power. Samad Khan Shuja ud-dvla Muqaddam inherited power from his father Iskender Khan in the late 80s of the 19th century and reigned until 1914 . The period of his rule was difficult due to the frequent raids of Kurdish and Azerbaijani tribes, as well as the invasions of Russian and Turkish troops. Samad Khan was constantly busy ensuring the security of the Khanate. It was also a period of social unrest associated with the dissemination of ideas of constitutionalism and parliamentarism among the most intellectual and politically active strata of the Qajar Empire. Samad Khan tried to quickly suppress such a movement in the Maragin Khanate. In Maragha, the constitutionalists were for the most part dispersed, and their leaders arrested.
Samad Khan viewed the Constitutional movement as a threat to himself, his autonomy and his special relationship with the shahs of the Qajar dynasty. In 1907-1909 Samad Khan completely cut off the Maragin Khanate from the influence of constitutionalists. When in 1907, the constitutionalists tried to open a “new” school in Maraga (different from traditional religious schools), but the khan immediately closed it and arrested the founders. In his anti-constitutionalist activities, Samad Khan enjoyed the support of Mohammed Ali Shah . The bombing of the Shah of the Iranian Mejlis in June 1908 led to a civil war in which supporters of the Shah's government attacked constitutionalists throughout Iran. Samad Khan besieged Tabriz, who was in the hands of the constitutionalists, and practically managed to enter the city, but was forced to retreat when the cities of Maraga and Binab , the main centers of his possessions, were seized by the constitutionalists. In February 1909, Samad Khan again laid siege to Tabriz, which led to famine among the inhabitants of the city [1] [2] [3] .
The troops of Samad Khan, together with the troops of Rahim Khan - the leader of the tribe of Karadzhedagtsev - by the spring of 1909 occupied all areas adjacent to the city. In April, the constitutionalists agreed to negotiations, but at the end of April the siege was lifted by Russian troops, who captured Tabriz for an officially expressed reason - “to alleviate the suffering of foreign citizens.” Russian troops disarmed the constitutionalists and established control over the city. Samad Khan maintained close ties with the Russian troops and, apparently, continued to control the areas around Tabriz [1] [2] [3]
The period of the second parliament (1909–1911) practically did not affect South Azerbaijan due to the Khans' refusal to recognize the central government in Tehran and the presence of Russian troops in the north of Iran. In July 1911, Mohammed Ali Shah returned to Iran and, with the support of the Russian troops, tried to regain the throne and overthrow the constitutionalists. Samad Khan offered his troops to the Shah and, united with the troops of the brother of Shah Salar ud-Dalekh, the ruler of Hamadan , attacked the constitutionalists. However, Mohammed Ali Shah failed and in October 1911 was forced to leave Iran. Meanwhile, Russian troops, under the pretext of restoring order, seized the whole of South Azerbaijan. Samad Khan was offered the position of Governor-General of Azerbaijan, where he was from 1911 to 1914 [4] [5] [3] . During his rule in Tabriz, he completely ignored the government in Tehran, and officials arriving from Tehran were “intimidated and expelled” [6] .
Vladimir Aleksandrovich Shuf , a Russian poet and war correspondent, described Samad Khan in 1912 in his correspondence:
| The story of Samad Khan is very curious. The sovereign of Maraghi, and now of all of Azerbaijan, was as much a robber as all the knights and feudal barons of the dark medieval. A deep scar from a saber blow was preserved on his head right up to his forehead, and Samad Khan carefully hides it under a Persian hat. It is said that once he was tied to a gun to be shot, but with a bribe he dodged execution ... Imagine a typical Zaporozhye Cossack or hetman, Taras Bulba, old Doroshenko, and you will see Samad Khan. Long gray mustache, completely hohlak, lowered beneath the aquiline nose. There was no beard. A friendly smile played under the mustache, but her eyes, proud and powerful, sparkled menacingly. I did not expect to see such an eagle eye from an old man [7] . |
In 1914, Samad Khan went to Moscow for the treatment of cancer , but died there, and his body was returned to Maragu. Since Samad Khan was childless, his nephew Iskandar Khan Sardar Naser Muqaddam, who was married to the princess Qajar, became the governor of the khanate. Iskandar Khan replaced Samad Khan in Maragh from 1911 to 1914, while the latter was in Tabriz, ruling South Azerbaijan. The Iskandar Khan rule lasted until 1925 [3] .
Links
- Anwar Chingizoglu. Haji Samad Khan Muqaddam, Baku, Mutarjim, 2013, p.80.
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 Steven R. Ward. Immortal: Armed Forces // Georgetown University. Center for Peace and Security Studies. . - Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2009. - p . 91-125 .
- ↑ 1 2 Edward G. Brownie. The Persian Revolution of 1905-1909. - London: Franc Cass and Co., 1966. - p. 265 and Chapter 9 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Mary-Jo DelVecchio Good Social Hierarchy in Provincial Iran: The Case of Qajar Maragheh // International Society for Iranian Studies. Iranian Studies. - UK: Taylor & Francis, 1977. - Vol. 10, No. 3. - P. 129-163.
- ↑ Hasan Arfa. Under Five Shahs. - London: John Murray, 1964. - p . 48 .
- ↑ Peter Avery. Modern Iran. - London: Ernest Benn, Ltd., 1965. - p. 157, 170 .
- Official Officials from Teheran were cowed and expelled, Hasan Arfa. Under Five Shahs. - London: John Murray, 1964. - p . 48 .
- ↑ Vladimir Alexandrovich Shuf. U SAMAD-KHAN // New time . - Petersburg, 1912. - Vol. February 11th . - № 12901 . - p . 13 .
See also
- Sattar Khan
- Rahim Khan Celebianlu
- Mukaddam