Phytosanitary monitoring

Phytosanitary monitoring - a system for monitoring the state of protection of ecosystems, their components or plant products from pests, monitoring pests and environmental factors affecting them, conducted on a continuous basis to analyze, assess and predict the phytosanitary situation in a particular territory, as well as to determine the cause-effect relationships between the state of plants and the impact of environmental factors. ^[one]

Phytosanitary diagnostics - determination of the species composition, development, distribution and activity of pests, their pathogens and entomophages in a specific time period or in a given place. ^[one]

Russian Empire

Evidence of invasions of locusts , rodents, and other mass pests on the agricultural lands of the Russian Empire was printed with the advent of the first periodicals in the country. It is enough to recall the well-known assignment of A. S. Pushkin in 1824 to the counties of the Kherson province (which at that time occupied the entire western Black Sea region ), connected with the mass reproduction of locusts in 1823. ^[2] Soon a brochure was also published: Stojkovich, A.I. . On the locusts and ways to exterminate it. ^{[3] The} year 1846 was distinguished by the mass reproduction of not only locusts, but also other pests throughout agricultural Russia, about which there were numerous reports from places in the Journal of the Ministry of the Interior for 1846 and 1847. As a result, the classic of Russian natural science, Karl Frantsevich Rouille (1814-1858), published in 1847 the first all-Russian annual review of crop pests ( Moroccan locusts , field grasshoppers and mares , winter scoop , lepidoptera caterpillars - pests of apple and other fruit trees, bread bugs , dipterans - pests of wheat). Territorial communications covered the provinces from Transcaucasia and the Black Sea to the Baltic and Upper Volga. Based on information about the winter scoop ("earthworm", "rye scoop") obtained from 19 provinces (almost a third of the provinces of that time), and its ecological and biological features, Ruleier made the first phytosanitary forecast ( About the earthworm that consumed winter in 1846 year ). ^[4] . Subsequently, many scientists noted that the wheel was much ahead of its time with this work.

Studies on the accounting and forecasting of harmful objects in Russia were organized in 1894 with the creation of the Bureau of Applied Entomology under the Ministry of Agriculture and State Property under the direction of I.A. Porchinsky (since 1922 - a department within the State Institute of Experimental Agronomy). Since 1907, the Bureau of Mycology and Phytopathology of the Scientific Committee of the Main Directorate of Land Management and Agriculture functioned under the direction of prof. A. A. Yachevsky (since 1922 - as part of the State Institute of Experimental Agronomy), among other things involved in the methodological support of diagnosis and accounting of plant diseases. Based on these two scientific and methodological structures, in 1929, the All-Union Scientific Research Institute for Plant Protection (VIZR) established the Pest Management Service with regional branches and strong points (later, the Pest Registration and Prediction Service) for practical work under leadership deputy. Director G. D. Gabchenko, and departments of phytopathology, entomology and applied zoology (with a laboratory of zoology), which conducted research in this direction. ^[5]

USSR

At the Institute for Plant Protection

The scientific foundation for the functioning of the large WIZR unit, which became the Accounting Sector, was prepared by many years of fruitful activity and ideas in various fields of biology, and specifically in phytosanitary , such luminaries of science as N. A. Kholodkovsky , I. A. Porchinsky , N. V. Kurdyumov, A.A. Yachevsky . In the 1930s B. Vinogradov , B. Yu. Falkenstein , P. A. Sviridenko , S. I. Obolensky, A. A. Yachevsky, A. A. Shtakelberg , N. A. Naumov made a great contribution to the development of research on the forecast problem , K. M. Stepanov , L. F. Rusakov , V. N. Shchegolev , A. A. Lyubishchev , G. Ya. Bei-Bienko , S. A. Predtechensky, etc. ^[5]

Much has been done to create theoretical groundwork in the areas under development, in particular, to take an inventory of the composition of fungi - pathogens of diseases and insects - pests of crops. Methodological provisions of the activity of the pest accounting service and their forecast were developed, the foundations of agrobiocenology in relation to plant protection were laid, zoning of the country's territory was started according to phytosanitary criteria. The WIZR accounting service sector, being the central governing body and methodological center, had a direct impact on the work of 208 specialized observation posts operating at that time in the country. ^[5]

The task of graphically depicting zones of varying severity of the most dangerous pests and their complexes became relevant in the USSR in the late 1920s, when plant protection stations and observation posts in all regions of the country began to be planned. Noteworthy are the maps published by I.N. Filipyev , which show the zones of severity of the winter scoop , phylloxera, and a complex of species of harmful locusts . Since 1935, a special topic has been included in the VIZR plan, which had as its ultimate task the entomo-phytopathological zoning of the territory of the USSR according to the complex of types of the most important pests and diseases. Already in the VIZR report for 1935, a number of summary maps were published, including those showing “harmful zones” of complexes of species of ground squirrels , naked slugs and wireworms. In 1935, the Accounting Service Sector was renamed into the Accounting and Zoning Sector in connection with the institute's task of entomo-phytopathological zoning of the territory of the USSR according to a complex of the most important pests and diseases. ^[6]

S. A. Predtechensky, while studying the nature of the development of the Asian locust, taking into account changing meteorological factors, was able to develop principles for generating a forecast for the reproduction of this pest in the northern area of ​​its distribution according to meteorological predictors (Predtechensky, 1930, 1932, 1933, 1935). He proved that the frequency of propagation of Asian locusts cannot be explained only by the "phase theory" developed by B. P. Uvarov (1927). S. A. Predtechensky convincingly showed the paramount role in the fluctuations in the dynamics of the number of pests of environmental factors and that the formation of locust phases is due to its number. In the same years, a major theoretical groundwork was formed in the study of the meadow moth and, above all, in the discovery of the nature and patterns of long-distance migrations of the pest. The performed studies of A. V. Znamensky on the biocenological dependences of reproduction of the meadow moth (1932, 1933), G.K. Pyatnitsky on the relationship of transzonal migrations of butterflies with synoptic factors (1936), D.M. Steinberg on the study of the fecundity of this pest (1932) great general biological significance and gave a lot of valuable for building a forecast system of meadow moths and dealing with it. These works are unique in value, they helped the country's practical forecasting service solve the difficult issues of combating the meadow moth and during periods of its mass reproduction.

V.N. Stark in 1936-1937 begins a cycle of many years of research on the effect of forest shelter belts on the fauna of harmful insects of agricultural crops (1937-1941), continued in the postwar years.

In the laboratory of zoology under the guidance of B. Yu. Falkenshtein, in order to predict the mass harmfulness of rodents, methods were developed to control the dynamics of the number of ground squirrels and voles . The geographical distribution of rodents was studied and zones of their harmfulness were established. To increase the effectiveness of fighter measures, annual forecasts of the distribution of rodents in the main agricultural zones of the country were prepared. Pupils B. Yu. Falkenstein - I.P. Ershova, N. Yu. Chentsova, V. A. Bykovsky - the first studies on the ecology of mouse rodents were started. B. S. Vinogradov published a historical review of the mass reproduction of mouse rodents starting in 1763 (Vinogradov, 1934).

Prominent phytopathologists of the institute N. A. Naumov, L. F. Rusakov, S. M. Tupenevich, M. K. Khokhryakov, K. M. Stepanov, and others completed large cycles of research on the systematics and inventory of disease-causing fungi. Thanks to the research of L. F. Rusakov and S. M. Tupenevich, the institute has taken the front lines in studying the complex problem of the so-called "white spot" that arose in connection with the advancement of wheat crops in the Central Black Earth and Non-Black Earth zone of the RSFSR. In the mid 1930s Much has been done in the field of disease accounting methods, the study of the transfer of diseases by air currents has begun (K.M. Stepanov), methods have been developed for various levels of forecasts of the onset and development of diseases, in particular, a short-term forecast for the development of potato late blight (N. A. Naumova). ^[5]

At the Institute for Plant Protection after World War II

The beginning of practical and scientific work at the Institute of Ilya Yakovlevich Polyakov also belongs to the first decade of the functioning of VIZR. Considering the importance of the problem of predicting the spread and propagation of harmful species, in 1946 a laboratory for predicting the propagation of mass pests of agricultural crops was created. cultures (later - the laboratory of forecasts for the development of pests and diseases of agricultural crops; since 1972 - the department of forecasts and economics, since 1987 - the laboratory of phytosanitary diagnostics and forecasts), which was headed by professor I. Ya. until 1990 Poles. She always worked closely with the phytosanitary service of the Ministry of Agriculture. Research was conducted in all areas of the forecasting problems by a large team of scientists. The laboratory possessed highly qualified scientists and at various stages of development was replenished with talented young people ( T. S. Gladkina , N. P. Kadochnikov, T. M. Mokeeva, S. G. Pegelman, N. Yu. Chentsova, T. S. Druzhelyubova, N.V. Ipatieva, M.A. Bulyginskaya, M.N. Meyer , E.M. Shumakov , E.P. Tsyplenkov, V.O. Khomyakova, L.P. Kryazheva, G.M. Doronin, L. A. Makarova, K. M. Stepanov , A. E. Chumakov, I. I. Minkevich, R. I. Shchekochikhina, M. I. Saulich, V. R. Zharov and many others). ^[5]

At the first stage of the laboratory, specialists from the zoological field dominated in it: T. M. Mokeeva, N. P. Kadochnikov, S. G. Pegelman, T. S. Gladkina, as well as graduate students N. V. Ipatiev, V. S. Kubantsev , M. A. Bulyginskaya, M. N. Meyer, E. V. Alikina, E. D. Schol, N. N. Golenishchev - subsequently leading specialists of VIZR and other institutes. The laboratory included a group of entomologists conducting research on locust prediction (E. M. Shumakov, K. I. Larchenko, E. P. Tsyplenkov). Subsequently, entomological studies in the laboratory were expanded due to the participation of T. S. Druzhelyubova, L. P. Kryazheva, G. M. Doronina, L. A. Makarova, V. O. Khomyakova, O. S. Komarova, L. P. Berger and others. Specialists in phytopathologists also made a significant contribution to the development of science of forecasts in VIZR - K. M. Stepanov, N. A. Naumova, A. E. Chumakov, I. I. Minkevich, R. I. Shchekochikhina, T. I. Zakharova et al. In 1962, a large monograph by K. M. Stepanov was published. Mushroom epiphytoties , which even now retains the value of valuable scientific work on the basics of epiphytiology. In the 1950s and 70s VIZR is developing a great methodological work and is constantly providing assistance in this direction to the operational forecasting service. In this regard, the preparation and publication of a generalized methodological summary of the Prediction of the appearance and registration of pests and diseases of agricultural crops under the editorship of V.V. Kosov and I. Ya. Polyakov (1958) should be noted. Since 1957, VIZR resumed publishing annual reviews of the spread of pests in the USSR and the RSFSR (including the VIZR Proceedings) under different names (before that, such materials were printed in Moscow without the VIZR stamp). The leading role of the Polyakov laboratory in these reviews, compiled on the basis of materials from the Institute’s numerous expeditions, its geographical network, and also the production forecasting service, can be traced back to 1980 ^[5]

Professor I. Ya. Polyakov (1954, 1968, 1973) proposed an original agroclimatic model of the phase dynamics of the number of harmful species. For the majority of pests, it was proposed to distinguish five main phases of the population dynamics: depression, dispersal, mass reproduction, peak numbers and decline in numbers. The ideas of I. Ya. Polyakov about the decisive influence on the development of harmful species of food conditions and weather factors are realized in the creation of an agroclimatic model of the phase dynamics of the number of harmful species, the type of which is formed under the influence of energy food resources and weather and climate factors (Polyakov, 1954, 1968). In development of these ideas, N. V. Ipatieva, during an experimental study of hibernation of different species of ground squirrels, revealed abiotic and nutritional factors that determine the metabolic processes of the body, which made it possible to clarify the criteria for predicting their distribution. Morphophysiological changes in scoop populations under the influence of abiotic environmental conditions and feed quality were shown by L. K. Malkova. These provisions are most developed in the long-term studies of intraspecific variability in species and subspecies of gray voles and steppe pied poultry carried out by T. S. Gladkina, T. M. Mokeeva, M. N. Meer and N. Yu. Chentsova. Studies on the study of age and demographic variability conducted by T. S. Druzhelyubova on a winter scoop , V. O. Khomyakova on a meadow moth , G. M. Doronina and L. A. Makarova on other phytophages expanded the understanding of prediction criteria for insects . Under the direction of Ph.D. M. A. Glebova, with the participation of almost all VIZR laboratories, compiles a summary of crop losses from pests, weeds and plant pathogens. In the period 1946–64. Research is expanding to identify the species composition and economic importance of pathogens . In this work, many VIZR scientists should be noted: N. A. Naumova, M. K. Khokhryakova, N. S. Novotelnova, V. I. Potlaychuk, V. V. Kotova, T. I. Zakharov, and O. P. Kamyshko , M. A. Elbakyan, M. Yu. Stepanova, and others. In the process, new diseases were identified and described, among them - mildew and white rust of sunflower, cereal cosporellosis, afanomycetic root rot of legumes, and others. In these years, research was developed nematode plant diseases (N. M. Sveshnikova and others). Under the guidance of prof. K. M. Stepanova with the participation of A. E. Chumakov, I. I. Minkevich, N. A. Shibkova, R. I. Shchekochikhina develop principles and methods for the long-term and short-term prognosis of diseases, primarily rust and powdery mildew of wheat, potato late blight etc. At the same time, work was continued on zoning the country's territory on the basis of the manifestation of the harmfulness of the most dangerous pathogens of plant diseases. ^[5]

The task of complex entomo-phytopathological zoning of territories was repeatedly posed before scientists in the post-war period, as a result of which such reports of maps appeared as the Methodology of the multi-year territorial forecast of plant diseases under the editorship of A. E. Chumakova (1969, 1971), Distribution of major pests ... Ed. I. Ya. Polyakova (1975) and others A.I. Rudenko and N.I. Belozor published a detailed agroclimatic substantiation of the entomo-phytopathological zoning of territories (1963). A. E. Chumakov and R. I. Shchekochikhina detailed the specifics of mapping plant diseases (1969). The agroclimatic trend in phytosanitary zoning developed rapidly in our country in the 1970-1980s and was summarized in large monographs (L. A. Makarova, I. I. Minkevich, 1977; L. A. Makarova, G. M. Doronina, 1988, 1994). I. Ya. Grichanov proposed a method for using potential crop losses as an integral economic criterion for a comprehensive phytosanitary assessment of territories (Grichanov, 1997). ^[6]

Studies on the development of forecasts on a biocenotic basis, taking into account the harmfulness and yield losses from harmful objects and establishing the economic value of pests, and, therefore, a more objective assessment of the significance of a number of harmful insects and diseases, were started by V.I. Tansky in the Polyakov laboratory. Prediction of preventive and destructive measures, taking into account real economic thresholds for harmfulness, significantly increased the economic efficiency of protective measures (Tansky, 1976). In the 1970s and 80s Research begins on the use of electronic computer technology and mathematical modeling of the dynamics of populations of harmful species (G. E. Sergeev, V. R. Zharov, S. V. Vasiliev, S. I. Levina, M. I. Saulich, N. N. Semenova, I.I. Kosenkov and others) on the development of remote phytosanitary diagnostics of harmful objects ( A.F. Zubkov , A. Ya. Semenov, V. B. Mitrofanov, M. I. Saulich, F. A. Karlik and other). In 1974, a group of mathematical research methods was organized in the forecast laboratory headed by I. Ya. Polyakov. In 1984, on the basis of this group, a special laboratory of mathematical methods was created under the direction of G. E. Sergeev. A number of original computer programs were developed, and ways to further improve mathematical modeling in plant protection were identified (Vasiliev et al., 1973). The implementation of these ideas has found a place in the development of regression models for predicting voles , ground beetles , corn moths , gray grain scoops , caradrins and other mass pests under the methodological guidance of G.E. Sergeev. To study the dynamics of populations of harmful species and assess the phytosanitary situation in the country, S. V. Vasiliev proposed methods of applying system analysis. ^[5]

The development of distance methods was carried out during 1976-1990. based on coordination plans in different regions of the country. The studies performed allowed solving a number of problems: methods were developed for collecting comprehensive and voluminous phytosanitary information, which is impossible when using labor-intensive ground-based methods; methods of aero-visual detection of common and public voles, small and red-cheeked gophers, oat nematodes, leech and ground beetles are proposed; The technology of selective use of large-scale aerial photography for aerial visual observations is substantiated. According to the results of domestic and foreign studies, a unit for remote environmental monitoring in plant protection was developed (Saulich, 1985). The development of this scientific direction in WIZR as an integral part of the science of forecasts is associated with many years of research, in which M. I. Saulich, F. A. Karlik, S. V. Skalinov, V. I. Timofeev, and I. P. took an active part. Zaeva, A. Ya. Semenov and many other VIZR employees. ^[5]

The existing scientific school VIZR on the forecast of harmful objects of agricultural crops had an impact on similar research areas in other countries. As a result of many years of joint work by WIZR and the relevant organizations of the CMEA countries, the collective work Control and Forecast was published in 1983 — the basis of targeted plant protection edited by I. Ya. Polyakov and V. Ebert (GDR). Scientists of VIZR - I. Ya. Polyakov, V.I. Tansky, I.I. Minkevich, G.E. Sergeev, T.I. Zakharova, L.A. Makarova, took part in this work and in preparing for the publication of collective work I.I. Kosenkov, S.I. Levina, research experts on the prediction of pests and diseases of the GDR , NRB , Hungary , Poland , PCP and Czechoslovakia . Admittedly, in the 1970s. I. Ya. Polyakov’s laboratory reached its peak in both quantitative and qualitative indicators, becoming the institute’s largest structural unit by staff, occupying the largest areas in VIZR buildings, which published a huge amount of scientific and methodological literature. In this and the next decade, the laboratory became the basis for the formation of new VIZR laboratories, a donor of highly qualified employees for other laboratories of the institute, other institutes of the USSR and the CMEA countries.

In 1972, the Department of Forecasts and Economics was formed, headed by I. Ya. Polyakov, consisting of four laboratories, including the laboratory of forecasts of pests of agricultural farms. cultures led by the head of the department. I.I. Minkevich headed the laboratory for forecasting mass diseases of agricultural workers cultures (a year later it was headed by A. Ya. Semenov). In 1971, V.I. Tansky was elected the head of the laboratory he created for the harmfulness of insects and plant diseases, which was included in the forecast department. M. G. Keyserukhsky headed the laboratory of economics. E. M. Shumakov, who led in 1946-1951. in the laboratory by a group of locusts (L. A. Yakhimovich, E. P. Tsyplenkov, A. I. Protsenko, etc.), in 1974 he created and headed the laboratory for the sterilization of insects and attractants. ^[7] In 1979, the forecast department consisted of only two laboratories: agricultural pest forecast laboratories. cultures and laboratories of the harmfulness of insects (supervisor V. I. Tansky). In 1974, a group of mathematical research methods was organized in the forecast department, on the basis of which in 1984 a special laboratory of mathematical methods was created under the direction of G. E. Sergeev. In 1983, the forecast department allocated personnel for the formation of a new information laboratory and scientific and technical cooperation. During these years, groups of ornithologists (Ph.D. biol. Sciences E. N. Golovanova) and zootoxicologists (Ph.D. Biol. Sciences V. A. Bykovsky) also worked in the laboratory. In 1987, the department was reorganized into a laboratory for phytosanitary diagnostics and forecasts.

Russian Federation

In 1990, the Scientific Council of VIZR elected Ph.D. I. Ya. Grichanova to the post of head of the laboratory for phytosanitary diagnostics and forecasts. Prior to this, since 1981, Grichanov developed at the Institute problems of monitoring and disorientation of pests using sex pheromones ( attractants and their inhibitors ) in the laboratory for sterilization of insects and attractants (under the supervision of Prof. M. A. Bulyginskaya) and the department of biologically active substances ( under the guidance of Prof. V.N. Burov). At the same time, a highly professional group of phytopathologist prognostists was recreated in the laboratory, consisting of N. A. Tsvetkova, A. M. Simon, R. N. Fedorova, V. I. Yakutkina, and others, which later included O. V. Kungurtseva. Powerful information and technical support to the entomological, phytopathological and meteorological groups of the laboratory was provided by the arrival of Ph.D. L. N. Karpilovsky. Возобновлению темы по теоретическому исследованию проблемы динамики численности насекомых способствовал перевод в лабораторию в 1993 г. д.б.н. А. Н. Фролова, кандидатов наук М. Н. Берим, Т. Л. Кузнецовой, М. А. Чумакова. Увеличился перечень вредных видов, которые исследовались в лаборатории. К сожалению, наступивший в стране после 1991 г. кризис не обошел лабораторию. Резкое сокращение бюджетного финансирования и заказов от производственных организаций, средств на командирование сотрудников, материалы и новое оборудование привело, как и во всем институте, к массовому уходу специалистов в коммерческие и административные структуры, к их выезду в другие страны. Штат лаборатории сократился за 10 лет более чем в три раза по сравнению с 1990 г.

History

Russian Empire

Наблюдение за вредными организмами в сельском хозяйстве было основной задачей созданных в конце XIX века энтомологических структур. В 1878 году создана первая энтомологическая комиссия при земской управе (в Харькове ). В 1887 году была введена должность областного энтомолога (решение принято комиссией земств, образованной на VII областном энтомологическом съезде в Одессе ), которую занял П. А. Забаринский. В 1893 году должность первого в России губернского энтомолога по решению Таврического губернского земства занял Сигизмунд Александрович Мокржецкий (Zygmunt Atanazy Mokrzecki; 2 мая 1865 года — 3 марта 1936 года). В 1894 году в России организовано бюро по энтомологии при департаменте земледелия Министерства земледелия и государственных имуществ ^[8] . В 1916 году в России была уже 51 организация по прикладной энтомологии и защите растений. В это время во всем мире действовало всего 220 подобных организаций ^[7] .

СССР

На созданный в Ленинграде в 1929 году Всесоюзный научно-исследовательский институт защиты растений (ВИЗР) была возложена и практическая работа по анализу информации, собиравшейся в СССР из примерно 450 опорных пунктов и станций защиты растений, впоследствии переданных в службу учёта и прогноза вредителей при Министерстве сельского хозяйства СССР . В 1934 году учреждена Государственная служба карантина растений ; при земельных органах были введены штатные должности агрономов по защите растений.

Общепризнанно, что в первые годы деятельности ВИЗР выполнял ответственнейшую общегосударственную функцию по организационному и методическому руководству всей службой учёта и прогнозов распространения вредителей и возбудителей болезней основных сельскохозяйственных культур. Сектор учёта и в целом институт многое сделали для методического обеспечения этой работы. Ещё в 1929 г. А. А. Ячевский опубликовал Справочник по проведению фитопатологических наблюдений, методам учёта распространенности, интенсивности проявления болезней , который долгие годы служил важнейшим методическим руководством для производственной службы прогнозов. В нём был представлен список 136 поражаемых болезнями растений и встречающихся на них 3846 видов фитопатогенов, подлежащих наблюдению, учёту и сбору. Под руководством профессора А. А. Штакельберга был составлен и опубликован Список вредных насекомых (1932), который содержал сведения о 3124 видах фауны вредных насекомых страны и сопредельных территорий. До настоящего времени это издание сохраняет большое научное значение. В 1929—1930 гг. опубликовано 3 выпуска Материалов по службе учёта вредителей и болезней с.-х. растений . В 1933 г. на институт была возложена обязанность составлять и издавать обзоры Главнейшие вредители и болезни с.-х. культур в СССР (опубликованы обзоры за 1933, 1934, 1935 и 1936 гг.).

Сектором активно создавались новые станции и опорные пункты института во многих регионах. В конце 1930-х гг. Служба учёта была передана Народному комиссариату земледелия СССР . В это время в различных зонах страны в системе ВИЗР имелось 16 филиалов и 450 опорных пунктов, в которых проводился интенсивный сбор и анализ информации о вредителях и патогенах полевых культур. С передачей службы учёта и прогнозов в подчинение Наркомзема, роль ВИЗР как её методического куратора не изменилась. С 1932 до 1941 г. ВИЗР публиковал годовые обзоры и прогнозы размножения наиболее вредоносных возбудителей болезней и вредителей. В предвоенный период в ВИЗР было издано 50 методических рекомендаций по идентификации и методам учёта вредных объектов сельскохозяйственных культур. В это же время появился ряд основополагающих работ по учёту и прогнозу грибных болезней зерновых ( ржавчина , головня ) и других культур, опубликованных А. А. Ячевским, Н. А. Наумовым, Л. Ф. Русаковым, К. М. Степановым и другими исследователями. Эти работы оказали определяющее влияние на дальнейшее развитие исследований по прогнозу болезней и других вредных объектов. Разработку основных научных, методологических и методических положений организации и чёткого функционирования службы прогнозов ВИЗР осуществлял очень интенсивно до конца 1970-х гг. ^[5]

Российская Федерация

В 2004 году в результате слияния различных контролирующих государственных органов и структур служба карантина растений вошла в Россельхознадзор . В 2007 году на базе 143 федеральных государственных учреждений «Госсеминспекции по субъектам Российской Федерации» и «Территориальные станции защиты растений» создано единое учреждение — Российский сельскохозяйственный центр ( Россельхозцентр ).

• ВИЗР
• Защита растений

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• Поляков И. Я. , Левитин М. М., Танский В. И. Фитосанитарная диагностика в интегрированной защите растений / Рос. Acad. с.-х. наук, Всерос. науч.-исслед. ин-т защиты растений. — М. : Колос , 1995. — 208 с. — ISBN 5-10-002673-1 .
• Степанов К. М., Чумаков А. Е., Прогноз болезней сельскохозяйственных растений, 2 изд., Л., 1972.
• Ченкин А. Ф. и др. Фитосанитарная диагностика / А. Ф. Ченкин, В. А. Захаренко, Г. С. Белозерова и др.; Под ред. А. Ф. Ченкина. — М. : Колос , 1994. — 320,[2] с. — ISBN 5-10-002640-5 .
• Чеснова Л. В. Очерки по истории прикладной энтомологии в России / АН СССР. Ин-т истории естествознания и техники . — М. : Изд-во АН СССР, 1962. — 132 с.
• Шумаков Е. М. Становление сельскохозяйственной энтомологии в дореволюционной России. Вестник защиты растений , 2010, 2: 64—68, 3: 61—64, 4: 61—67.