West Turkic Kaganate

Kaganate Education

At the beginning of the 7th century (603), as a result of internecine wars and wars with its neighbors, the Turkic Kaganate broke up into Western and Eastern Kaganates.

The western Kaganate included Kazakhstan , Central Asia , the North Caucasus , Crimea , the Urals and the Volga region . The ethnopolitical core of the khaganate was “ten tribes” ( it is ok budun ), which occupied the ancient Usun lands from the Karatau mountains to Dzungaria ^{[1] [2] [3]} . Five Dulu tribes stood out east of the Chu River , and five Nushibi tribes stood west of it ^[4] .

The capital was the city of Suyab (near the city of Tokmak in Kyrgyzstan ), and the summer residence of Ming-Bulag (near the city of Turkestan ) ^{[1] [2] [3]} . The center of the state was in Semirechye ^[4] .

The Rise of the Kaganate

The kaganate reached the peak of its power during the reign of Shegui-kagan (in 610 - 618 years ) and his younger brother Ton-yabgu-kagan (in 618 - 630 years ). New campaigns in Toharistan and Afghanistan pushed the borders of the state to northwestern India . Ton-yabgu kagan carried out administrative reform and appointed his representatives - tuduns in the region to oversee and monitor the collection of tribute. It is believed that he issued his coins with the Sogdian inscription - Tun yabgu kagan.

Under the Khagans, Sheguy ( 610 - 618 years ) and Ton-yabgu ( 618 - 630 years ) restored the borders in Altai , in the Tarim river basin and along the Amu Darya . The rates of the western Turkic Hagans were Suyab and Ming-Bulag . In alliance with the Byzantine emperor Ton-yabgu, the kagan in 626 launched a war against Sassanid Iran. In 626, Turkic troops stormed Tiflis by storm. However, the conclusion of a peace treaty between Byzantium and Iran forced the Ton-yabgu kagan to cease hostilities. In 630, Ton-yabgu kagan was killed in a conspiracy organized by his uncle Sibir-khan. Soon he was killed. The struggle for the throne , which began in 630, developed into a protracted war.

Kaganate represented a single system of mainly nomadic and semi-nomadic methods of conducting nomadic farming and settled agricultural farming type. The population of both Turkic and Sogdian was engaged in trade, crafts, tillage and cattle breeding. One of the goals of the Turks' raids on neighboring tribes and peoples was the capture of slaves . On the conquered lands, their social, economic and state structure was mainly preserved, but the governors of the kagan, tuduns, controlled the collection of taxes and sending tribute to the kagan headquarters. The formation of classes and the relatively rapid formation of early feudal social relations took place in the West Turkic Kaganate. The military-political resources of the central authority of the Western Turkic Haganate were insufficient to keep peoples and tribes in obedience. In the kaganate there were continuous strife, frequent changes of rulers, accompanied by the inevitable strengthening of centrifugal forces.

Kaganate Fall

The sixteen-year tribal war and the dynastic civil war ( 640 - 657 years ) facilitated the invasion of the Chinese forces of the Tang dynasty in Semirechye ^[4] . The Tang governors tried to rule the West Turkic tribes, relying on their proteges from the Kagan clan. However, the ongoing struggle of the Türks against the Tang expansion and their henchmen led to the rise of the Turges and the establishment in 704 of their political hegemony in Semirechye. In the 7th century, the East Turkic Haganate with numerous troops attacked the West Turkic Haganate and subjugated it for a short time. Due to feudal feuds in the middle of the VIII century, the Western Turkic Haganate as a state disintegrated ^{[2] [3]} .

This war was fought with each other by two main tribal alliances of the Western Turkic Haganate - Dulu and Nushibi . Could not end the war and the administrative reform of Yshbar Khilash-kagan in 634 - 639 years , which divided the country into ten "arrows" - tribal territories. In 658 - 659, the main lands of the Western Turkic Haganate were occupied by Chinese troops . In 704, the West Turkic khanate was freed from Chinese dependence, but the attacks of aggressive neighbors from the north and internal contradictions led the khanate to death in 704 . The Western Turkic Kaganate played an important role in the consolidation of the Turkic-speaking population of Eurasia and contributed to the further development of ethnic groups, which subsequently formed the basis of modern Turkic-speaking peoples.

• Kagan is the first person in the kaganate. Kagan was elected only from an aristocratic clan - “Turk-ashin”.

The power of the kagan:
a) the supreme lord;
b) ruler;
c) commander;
d) owner of all lands;
e) the supreme judge.

• Tegin are the heirs of the Kaganate. (the word is translated into Russian as the umbilical cord )
• Dzhabgu , shat - the highest state titles, they belonged to the Kagan family. (translated: Dzhabgu, yabgu - approximate, in modern explicit, yavig ^{[1] [2] [3] [4]} .
• Eltebers are rulers of subordinate peoples or tribes.
• Buirukas , Tarkhans - performed judicial functions ^{[1] [2]} .
• Tuduns - governors of the kagan on conquered lands. They controlled the collection of taxes and sending tribute to the Hagan headquarters. The position of the elchebogy is not indicated - the auditor and tax collector of the Kagan, Khan (Minister of Finance). ^{[1] [2] [3] [4]} .
• Becks are rulers of clans and tribes.
• Karu-budun is the main dependent population of the kaganate ^{[2] [3] [4]} .
• The tats are slaves.

The ethnic core of the Western Turkic Kaganate was “10 tribes”, 5 tribes — the Dulu , stood out east of Chu, and 5 tribes — Nushebi , to the west of it. In historical sources, the Western Turkic Kaganate is otherwise called "He is ok budun" ( State of ten arrows ).

• Uysuni , Kangly - Semirechye , Syrdarya region;
• tyurgeshi - district of Balkhash , Zailiysky Alatau;
• Karluks - East Kazakhstan
• chigili - the coast of Issyk-Kul;
• Yagma - East Turkestan
• Bulgars - Black Sea, Priazovye, North Caucasus
• Khazars - Caspian region, North Caucasus

Main article: Ashina

Rulers of the western part of the Turkic Kaganate

Aimak Abo

Kagans of the Western Turkic Khaganate

Kagans of the Western Turkic Khanate from Nushibi

Kagans of the Western Turkic Kaganate from Dulu

Exiled Kagan

Ashina Khushelo-shad died in Chang'an . His heirs did not have the opportunity to return to the disintegrated country, but the Chinese advisers believed that it was better to return the powerless khagans to the kaganate than to fight off the raids of ten-armed Turks .

See also zh: 西突厥 可汗 列表

Ashina Huaydao 704–708

• zh: 阿 史 那 怀 道 . Personal name whale. Exercise 阿 史 那 怀 道 , Pinyin : ashinahuaidao , pall. : Ashina Huaidao , the throne name is whale. exercise 濛 池 都 护 、 十 姓 可汗 , pinyin : mengchidouhu 、 shixingkehan , pall. : Menchidouhushisinkehan .

The son of Ashin Hushel-Shad . In 704 he received the guard rank of Yuuwei Gangyun, and was appointed Kagan, Khaochisk governor. He went as an ambassador to the Turgesh khanate. He died in 708.

Ashina Xian (obsolete. Hyan) 708-717

• zh: 阿 史 那 献 . Personal name whale. exercise 阿 史 那 献 , pinyin : ashinaxian , pall. : Ashina Hyan , the throne name is whale. Exercise 昆 陵 都 护 、 兴 昔 亡 可汗 , pinyin : kunlingdouhu 、 xingxiwangkehan , pall. : Kunlindoukhusinvankehan .

The son of Ashin Yuankin Shad . In 704 he was appointed a Baitino governor and trustee of 10 aimaks. Xian received the disposal of the Tang army. He invaded the steppe and defeated Khan Dudan, sent his head to the capital. In the steppe, he collected 30,000 yurts and relocated these people to China. He was awarded a diploma and a seal. Many Dulu began to accept Chinese citizenship. Xian understood that attempts to restore Ashin would lead to a clash with the Turges , but the emperor did not want to listen to him and recognized the authority of Soge . The ambassador from the emperor has not yet arrived, and war has already begun between the Turgeshs and Karluks, Chinese fortresses were attacked by the Turgeshs. Xian departed for war. The advisers recommended that Tang Chung-zong not intervene in the war so that the barbarians would exterminate each other. Seeing that he could not win, Xian returned to Chang'an , where he died in 717.

Ashina Sin 740-742

• zh: 阿 史 那 昕 Personal name is whale. Exercise 阿 史 那 昕 , Pinyin : ashinaxin , pall. : Ashina Hyan , the throne name is whale. Exercise 十 姓 可汗 , Pinyin : shixingkehan , pall. : Shishinkehan .

The son of Ashin Huaedao . In 740, part of the Turges agreed to put Sin Khan of ten genera. From Tan Xin, they sent a bride - Li with the title of Zhokhakhatay Princess. Xin went to the city of Juilan, where the Turgesh Baga-Tarkhan killed him. His wife Lee and son Zhonghiao fled to China. Zhonghiao joined the guard and received the rank of zolinjunwei yuanvaigyanun .

On Ashin Sin, a clan of the West Turkic Khagans was suppressed.

• Turkic Kaganate
• Khazar Khaganate
• Avar Kaganate
• Bulgarian Khanate (Great Bulgaria)
• East Turkic Haganate
• Kimak Haganate

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