Dolgopolov, Nifont Ivanovich

Nifont Ivanovich Dolgopolov was born on April 7, 1857 in the town of Biryuch, Biryuchensky district, Voronezh province (now in the Belgorod region ) in a noble family . His father served as clerk of the office of the Biryuchensky district nobleman ^[1] . According to modern sources, Dolgopolov defined his nationality as “Little Russia,” that is, a Ukrainian ^[2] .

He studied at the Voronezh Theological Seminary ^[3] , but did not graduate (he was dismissed from the 5th grade by petition) ^[4] . He studied at the Faculty of Medicine of Kharkov University . In 1878–1879 he was a member of the Kharkov revolutionary circle led by P. Telalov , I. Glushkov and I. Blinov. Participated in student unrest at the funeral of a student Sindeev in September 1878 and during the departure of students expelled from Kharkov . Suspected of spreading revolutionary literature among students ^[1] .

First link

In 1879 he was on the 5th year of university. In the first days of November 1879, after an unsuccessful search, he was arrested and kept in the “prison companies”. On November 23-24, 1879, on the order of the Kharkov Governor, he was exiled to Western Siberia. Sent to the place of exile only on May 5, 1880 from Vyshnevolotsk transit prison. From August 23, 1880 in exile in the city ​​of Kurgan, Tobolsk province ^[5] . There he got the opportunity to work in his specialty in the city hospital. But after refusing to take the oath to Alexander III by order of the governor V. A. Lysogorsky, he was removed from the hospital, as he allegedly "had a harmful effect on the sick." The term of public supervision was determined for 5 years, starting from September 9, 1881 ^[1] . In October 1882 for unauthorized absences sent to Surgut . But because of the autumn off-road left in Tyukalinsk . There he was forbidden to practice medicine and was put in prison by a police officer for retrieving a bullet from the leg of the wife of the Tyukalinsk city head without permission. At the request of local residents, he was released, but the Tobolsk governor transferred Dolgopolov to the village of Pelymskoe in the Turin district in 1883 for the harmful influence on them. He fell ill with typhus and was left in Ishim ^[1] .

In 1884 he was transferred to Semipalatinsk ^[1] . There Dolgopolov met and became friends with the classic of Kazakh literature Abai Kunanbayev . It is believed that he had a great influence on Abai, awakened interest in European poetry and philosophy. For example, it was from Dolgopolov that Abay received the Russian translation of the first volume of The History of the Mental Development of Europe by John William Draper , from which he first heard the poems of Longfellow ^[6] .

In the summer of 1886, with the permission of the administration, he visited Katon-Karagay . In exile, also engaged in journalism. He published articles in the Siberian Gazette , sent correspondence to the Yekaterinburg Week. Conducted craniological study of the Kazakhs ^[1] . In Siberia, I met with J. Kennan , in whose book Siberia and the Exile System , several special pages were devoted to Dolgopolov ^[7] .

Work in medicine after the first link

On September 9, 1886, he left for Kharkov , but was sent from there to Kazan . In November 1886 he received permission to complete his education at Kharkov University. He recovered at the university in 1887, and in September of the same year, having stood the test for the title of county doctor, graduated with honors ^[8] . In 1889-1891 he served as a doctor at the sugar refineries of the Borisov brothers in the Yekaterinoslav province . He was engaged in private practice in this and Kharkov province ^[3] . In 1890 received permission for public service ^[1] . From 1891 he served as a nurse at the surgical department of the Kursk Zemsky Hospital ^[2] . In 1893-1895 he was a doctor in charitable institutions in Kursk. In 1895 he was allowed to travel to St. Petersburg for the exam for the degree of doctor of medicine. From June 1895 to 1896 - doctor of the Tula section of the Moscow-Kursk railway, in connection with the service moved to Tula ^[1] .

Living in Tula, through the family doctor of the Tolstoy family, M. M. Holevinsky met Lev Nikolaevich , and his wife stayed with him at Yasnaya Polyana ^[3] .

In 1896 he received the right of universal residence, moved to Moscow , where for some time ^[9] he worked as a doctor at the Kursk railway station. For some time he worked as a local doctor of the Nizhny railway station ( Nizhny Novgorod ) ^[1] . In the years 1897-1905, the senior doctor "Babushkinskaya" city hospital in Kanavin (Nizhny Novgorod). This hospital was founded in 1886, when Nizhny Novgorod merchant D. N. Babushkin donated his stone house and capital to the city for the opening and maintenance of the hospital in Kanavin ^[3] . Dolgopolov conducted complex surgeries, led an outpatient appointment, visited sick workers at home. Owned a land area of ​​2 tithes. His salary was 2 thousand rubles a year ^[2] . He was known as a doctor in all walks of life: from millionaires to tramps. Among the first, he became known as a first-class doctor; among the lower classes of society, he was known as an unblestish doctor. From the poor he not only did not take money for the visit, but sometimes he himself gave his own money for medicines ^[3] .

On July 25, 1905, at a meeting of the city sanitary commission, Dolgopolov proposed opening a city lodging house in Kanavin, he advocated improving Kanavin’s sanitary condition, and insisted on bringing to responsibility the owners of lodging houses ^[3] .

He participated in the work of the 4th Congress of Zemstvo Doctors in the Nizhny Novgorod Governorate, and made a report on the connection between the city and the provincial Zemstansky medical and sanitary organization ^[2] . He actively participated in the Pirogov Congresses, where he read reports on social and scientific issues. Together with Dr. A.P. Voskresensky, he initiated the establishment of the Commission for the Promotion of Hygienic Knowledge ^[10] . At the VIII Pirogov Congress, he spoke out in defense of V. V. Veresaev’s book “Doctor’s Notes”, and also made a report on the state of factory medicine ^[3] . Member of the Nizhny Novgorod branch of the Russian Society for the Conservation of Public Health ^[2] . At the meetings of the society he advocated a widespread public health education - talks and readings on natural and medical topics ^[3] .

Dolgopolov's house was very hospitable, he had been: A. M. Gorky , V. G. Korolenko , S. G. Skitalets , S. I. Mitskevich , V. N. Zolotnitsky , N. A. Semashko , M. V. Vladimirsky ^[11] . AP Chekhov ^[3] stopped ^{on the road} .

On the day of the death of T.G. Shevchenko Dolgopolov every year he organized “Shevchenko Evenings” at his home. On the wall hung a portrait of the poet, decorated with flowers and ears of rye. The participants recited T. G. Shevchenko's poems, sang Ukrainian songs. The permanent participant of the Shevchenko Evenings was A. M. Gorky ^[3] . Christmas Eve in the house Dolgopolov noted, observing the Ukrainian folk custom. In the corner of the dining room, in the corner, hay with roasted wheat (kutia) and brewing (compote) were placed on the table, and there was a jug with full (honey dissolved in water) ^[3] .

Political and social work after the first link

In 1900, I traveled abroad with my wife and, according to intelligence, met in London with P. A. Kropotkin , F. V. Volkhovsky , N. V. Tchaikovsky . In 1902 he was elected manager of funds collected in favor of convicted May Day demonstrators. In September 1902, I. Tsvetkov helped take the underground Social Democratic printing house out of the apartment of the arrested Lodyzhenskiy arrested. In December 1904, he assisted the wounded and made a protest in front of the police chief at the literary evening of the Society for the Promotion of Public Education, when, after the speeches of Gratsianov and Lezhava about the Russian-Japanese war, the police began to beat the soldiers with swords. On December 14, 1904, he was brought to inquiry by the Nizhny Novgorod gendarme department on charges of participating in an anti-government demonstration on November 27 in the Nizhny Novgorod people's house. On May 25, 1905, the inquiry was terminated ^[1] . He joined the Socialist-Revolutionary Party , was a member of the Nizhny Novgorod Committee of this party. In 1905 he organized a medical detachment at the Kanavinsky Social Democratic militant squad. I read several lectures about helping wounded sisters of mercy and members of the Red Cross in Sormovo. After the suppression of the December uprising, he helped Evnina escape from the Babushka hospital. On December 23, 1905, he was arrested, placed in the Nizhny Novgorod prison, transferred to the Butyrka prison . Expulsion to Siberia was replaced by a reference to Astrakhan , and in March 1906 he was administratively exiled to this city for four years ^[3] . Helped to run abroad from Astrakhan exile Yavorsky ^[1] .

State Duma deputy

February 12, 1907 elected to the State Duma of the Russian Empire II convocation from the congress of urban voters in Nizhny Novgorod . I found out about my election being in exile in Astrakhan. In the Duma, he became a member of the Socialist-Revolutionary group. Consisted of the Duma commissions: the food and agricultural commissions and the commission on the integrity of the person. Elected secretary of the Duma's Commission of Conciliation. Participated in discussions with the Duma rostrum of the issues of the abolition of military field courts and the provision of food aid to the population.

March 4, 1907, that is, 2 weeks after the opening of the Duma, together with the doctor N.K. Rubisov , a peasant from Chernigovshchina V.I. Tail and the primitive priest A.I. Grinevich appealed to the Ukrainian deputies to come together to discuss the issue of creating a faction, and thus, together with them, initiated the creation of the “Ukrainian Labor Community” , which included 47 people ^[12] .

After the dissolution of the Duma

After the dissolution of the Duma, it was deprived of the right to reside in major cities and the right to occupy official posts. He returned to Astrakhan, where he was engaged in private medical practice. He was elected a vowel of the Astrakhan City Council. After the February Revolution, he became a member of the executive city committee ^[1] . According to some information at this time became a professor at the Astrakhan Medical Institute ^[13] .

Nifont Ivanovich Dolgopolov became infected and died on January 16, 1922 , assisting patients during the epidemic of typhus in Astrakhan. The body was transported by relatives to Moscow ^[3] . He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery in Moscow, the 38th row of the 1st station ^[13] .

• His wife is Vera Fominichna Dolgopolova, nee Sheina-Hasya Movshevna Shur (1861–1935 ^[14] ), daughter of the Mahilou merchant of the 1st guild ^[15] , revolutionary, editor of the socialist newspaper in Vienna “ Goemes ” (“Pravda”) in Hebrew, memoir author ^[16] .
  • Daughter - Lyudmila Nifontovna in marriage (?) Maslova (1885-1944), surgeon, buried next to her father ^[17]
  • Son - Nikolay Nifontovich Dolgopolov, (1886–1976), deputy scientific secretary of the Committee on Chemicalization of the National Economy ^[18] .
  • Daughter - Alexandra Nifontovna Dolgopolova (1889–1970), the therapist, married to A. Yu. Lamp ^[14] .
  • The son, Boris Nifontovich Dolgopolov (1892–1981), is a lawyer, a member of the advocates ’board, was a defender in a number of trials of German war criminals (in particular, Major General Adolf Hamann ^[19] ), was buried at Novodevichy Cemetery next to his father ^{[20] [21]} .
  • The son - Victor Nifontovich Dolgopolov (1893–1973), the head of the Academist School of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, was buried next to his father ^[17] .
  • Daughter - Nadezhda Nifontovna Dolgopolova (1893–1983), soil scientist, researcher at Moscow State University, married to D. Nagorsky ^[14] .
  • Daughter - Galina Nifontovna in marriage (?) Drozdova (1898–1982), referent, buried next to her father ^[17]

• “In memory of Leo Tolstoy. Tolstoy as a teacher of life and teacher "(1910)

NI Dolgopolov is the prototype of the exiled doctor Fyodor Ivanovich Pavlov in Mukhtar Auezov ’s novel “The Way of Abai” ^[22] .

In Nizhny Novgorod, a street is named after N. I. Dolgopolov.

• Boiyovich M.M. Members of the State Duma (Portraits and Biographies). Second convocation. M, 1907. S. 195.
• F. A. Seleznev. Dolgopolov, Nifont Ivanovich // State Duma of the Russian Empire: 1906-1917. B. Yu. Ivanov, A. A. Komzolov, I. S. Ryakhovskaya. Moscow. ROSSPEN. 2008. C. 169.
• Figures of the revolutionary movement in Russia: T. 3: The Eighties: Vol. 2: G - 3 / Compiled by R. M. Kantor, P. G. Lyubomirov, A. A. Shilov, E. N. Kusheva. - 1934. with. 1204-1206. [3]
• The history of the Socialist Revolutionary Party ... Dolgopolov Nifont Ivanovich
• E. A. Chizhov. Nifont Ivanovich Dolgopolov. State Medical Academy, Nizhny Novgorod. 2002
• Dolgopolov, Nifont Ivanovich. // Medical encyclopedia. .

Recommended literature

• Shur Hasya . Memories. - Kursk, type. "Polygraph Association" GSNH, 1927. - 218 p. - 2000 copies

Archives

• Russian State Historical Archive. - F. 1278. - Op. 1 (2nd convocation). - D. 134; D. 581.