Napoleon Chanyon ( Eng. Napoleon Alphonseau Chagnon [1] , p. August 27, 1938 , Port Austin , Huron County , Michigan , USA ) - American anthropologist , professor of anthropology at the University of Missouri at Columbia [2] . Known for his long field work with the Yanomamo tribe. His 1967 work, Yanomamö: The Fierce People, became a bestseller. Proponents call him the pioneer of anthropology, and the New York Times Magazine called it "the most controversial anthropologist." Chanyon wrote Noble Savages: My Life Among Two Dangerous Tribes — the Yanomamö and the Anthropologists [3] about his life and relationships (often complex) with other anthropologists [3] (the name can be translated as “ Noble savages : My life with two dangerous tribes - Yanomamo and anthropologists. "
| Napoleon Chanyon | |
|---|---|
| Napoleon Alphonseau Chagnon | |
| Date of Birth | August 27, 1938 (aged 80) |
| Place of Birth | Port Austin Huron County , Michigan , USA |
| A country |  USA |
| Scientific field | anthropology |
| Place of work | University of Missouri |
| Alma mater | University of Michigan |
| Academic rank | Professor |
| supervisor | Leslie White |
| Known as | author of the reproductive theory of violence, researcher of the Yanomamo tribe |
Biography
Born in Michigan, the second of twelve children in the family [3] [4] . In 1957 he moved from the college where he studied to the University of Michigan and received a bachelor's degree in 1961 (MA in 1963, Ph.D. in 1966) [4] [5] . In 1964 he began working with Yanomamo [6] [4] .
In 2012, he was elected to the US National Academy of Sciences [2] . Marshall Salins , a major critic of Chanion, left her in protest. [7]
Reputation criticism and ambiguity
Darkness in El Dorado
In 2000, Patrick Tierney in his book Darkness in El Dorado accused Chanyon and his colleague James Neal , among other things, of initiating an epidemic among the Yanomamo. Historians, epidemiologists and anthropologists have studied these allegations and, for the most part, have not found confirmation. The American Anthropological Association (AAA), criticizing many aspects of the Chanyon’s work, issued a report answering them. Most of the scientists who investigated these allegations later found them either false or exaggerated [8] [9] .
Anthropological criticism
Chanion’s work with Yanomamo (and Chanion’s work on Yanomamo) has been criticized many times by other anthropologists [3] [10] [11] . Research methods, and especially the conclusions of a scientist whose conclusions about the enormous role of violence in the Yanomamo culture, many of them dispute, were criticized [3] (among other things, Chanyon himself distributed hunting rifles and axes among the tribe).
Works
Books
- Chagnon, Napoleon A (1968), Yanomamö: The Fierce People .
- Chagnon, Napoleon A (1974), Studying the Yanomamö , New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston .
- Chagnon, Napoleon A (1992), Yanomamo - The Last Days of Eden .
- Chagnon, Napoleon A; Cronk, Lee & Irons, William (2002), Adaptation and Human Behavior: An Anthropological Perspective .
- Chagnon, Napoleon. Noble Savages: My Life Among Two Dangerous Tribes - The Yanomamö and the Anthropologists. - New York: Simon and Schuster, 2013 .-- ISBN 978-0684855110 .
Book Chapters
- Chagnon, Napoleon A (1986), "Yanomamö social organization and aggression", in FRIED, M, War; the Anthropology of Armed Conflict and Aggression , New York: Garden City
- Chagnon, Napoleon A (1995), "Chronic Problems in Understanding Tribal Violence and Warfare", in Willey & Chichester, Genetics of Criminal and Antisocial Behavior , Ciba Foundation Symposium
- Chagnon, Napoleon A (1972), "Tribal social organization and genetic microdifferentiation", in HARRISON, A & BOYCE, A, Structure of human populations , Oxford
- Chagnon, Napoleon A (1973), "Daily life among the Yanomamo", in ROMNEY, AK & DEVORE, PL, You and others , Cambridge
- Chagnon, Napoleon A (1973), "Yanomamo social organization and warfare", in FRIED, M, Explorations in Anthropology , New York: Crowell
- Chagnon, Napoleon A (1973), "The culture-ecology of shifting (pioneering) cultivation among the Yanomamo Indians", in GROSS, DR, International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences , New York: Garden City
- Chagnon, Napoleon A (1977), "Yanomamo - the fierce people", in GOULD, R, Man's many ways , New York: Harper & Row
- Chagnon, Napoleon A (1977), "Yanomamo warfare", in COPPENHAVER, D, Anthropology full circle , New York: Prager
- Chagnon, Napoleon A (1979), "Is Reproductive Success Equal in Egalitarian Societies?", In CHAGNON, N & IRONS, W, Evolutionary Biology and Human Social Behavior , North Scituate: Duxbury
- Chagnon, Napoleon A (1979), "Mate Competition, Favoring Close kin, and Village Fissioning Among the Yanomamö Indians", in CHAGNON, N & IRONS, W, Evolutionary biology and human social behavior , North Scituate: Duxbury
- Chagnon, Napoleon A (1982), "Anthropology and the Nature of Things", in WIEGELE, T, Biology and the Social Sciences , Boulder: Westview
- Chagnon, Napoleon A (1982), "Sociodemographic Attributes of Nepotism in Tribal Populations: Man the Rule-Breaker", in GROUP, KSCS, Current problems in sociobiology , New York: Cambridge University Press
- Chagnon, Napoleon A; Ayers, M; Neel, JV & Weitkamp, L (1975), "The influence of cultural factors on the demography and pattern of gene flow from the Makiritare to the Yanomama indians", in HULSE, FS, Man and nature: studies in the evolution of the human species , New York: Random House
- Chagnon, Napoleon A & Bugos, PE (1979), "Kin selection and conflict: an analysis of a Yanomamö ax fight", in CHAGNON, Napoleon A & IRONS, W, Evolutionary biology and human social behavior , North Scituate: Duxbury Press
- Chagnon, Napoleon A; Flinn, MV & Melancon, TF (1979), "Sex-ratio variation among the Yanomamö Indians", in CHAGNON, Napoleon & IRONS, W, Evolutionary Biology and Human Social Behavior , North Scituate: Duxbury Press
Magazine Articles
- Chagnon, Napoleon A (1967a), "Yanomamo - the fierce people", Natural History T. LXXVII: 22–31
- Chagnon, Napoleon A (1967b), "Yanomamö Social Organization and Warfare", Natural History T. LXXVI: 44–48
- Chagnon, Napoleon A (1968a), "The Culture-Ecology of Shifting (Pioneering) Cultivation Among The Yanomamö Indians", International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences T. 3: 249–55
- Chagnon, Napoleon A (1968b), "The feast", Natural History T. LXXVII: 34–41
- Chagnon, Napoleon A (1970), "Ecological and Adaptive Aspects of California Shell Money", Annual Report of the UCLA Archaeological Survey T. 12: 1–25
- Chagnon, Napoleon A (1973), "The culture-ecology of shifting (pioneering) cultivation among the Yanomamo Indians", in GROSS, DR, International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences , New York: Garden City
- Chagnon, Napoleon A (1975), "Genealogy, Solidarity and Relatedness: Limits to Local Group Size and Patterns of Fissioning in an Expanding Population", Yearbook of Physical Anthropology Vol . 19: 95–110
- Chagnon, Napoleon A (1976), “Yanomamo, the true people,” National Geographic Magazine T. 150: 210–23
- Chagnon, Napoleon A (1980), "Highland New Guinea models in the South American lowlands", Working papers on South American Indians T. 2: 111–30
- Chagnon, Napoleon A (1981), "Doing fieldwork among the Yanomamo", Contemporary Anthropology : 11–24
- Chagnon, Napoleon A (1988), " Life Histories, Blood Revenge, and Warfare in a Tribal Population ", Science T. 239: 985–92 , DOI 10.1126 / science.239.4843.985
- Chagnon, Napoleon A (1989), " Yanomamö survival ", Science T. 244: 11 , DOI 10.1126 / science.244.4900.11
- Chagnon, Napoleon A (1990), " On Yanomamö violence: reply to Albert ", Current Anthropology Vol . 31: 49–53 , DOI 10.1086 / 203802
- Chagnon, Napoleon A; Ayres, M; Neel, JV & Weitkamp, L (1970), " The influence of cultural factors on the demography and pattern of gene flow from the Makiritare to the Yanomama indians ", American Journal of Physical Anthropology T. 32: 339–49 , DOI 10.1002 / ajpa.1330320304
- Chagnon, Napoleon A & Hames, RB (1979), " Protein Deficiency and Tribal Warfare in Amazonia: New Data ", Science T. 203: 910–13 , DOI 10.1126 / science.570302
- Chagnon, Napoleon A; Le Quesne, P & Cook, JM (1971), " Yanomamö Hallucinogens: Anthropological, Botanical, and Chemical Findings ", Current Anthropology T. 12: 72–74 , DOI 10.1086 / 201170
- Chagnon, Napoleon A; Margolies, L; Gasparini, G & Hames, RB (1982–83), "Parentesco, demografia, patrones de inversion de los padres y el uso social del espacio arquitectonico entre los Shamatari-Yanomamo del TF Amazonas: informe preliminar", Boletin Indigenista Venezolano ( VZ ) T. 21: 171–225
Movies
Chanyon helped prepare at least four dozen films about the Yanomamo [12] . Among them are The Feast (1969), The Ax Fight (1975) and Magical Death (1988). These films, especially The Ax Fight, are considered very informative from the point of view of science and are used in the training of anthropologists [13] .
Notes
- ↑ Although the name is French, the scientist himself uses his American pronunciation
- ↑ 1 2 Napoleon A. Chagnon . Member directory . National Academy of Sciences . Date of treatment September 18, 2016.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Eakin, 2013 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 Gabrielson, 2014 .
- ↑ McGee & Warms (2007) , p. 247.
- ↑ Chagnon, 1966 .
- ↑ Sahlins, 2013 .
- ↑ Statement from the University of Michigan Provost Nancy Cantor on the book "Darkness in El Dorado" .
- ↑ Dreger, 2011 .
- ↑ Povinelli, 2013 .
- ↑ Sahlins, 2000 .
- ↑ Saxon, Wolfgang . Timothy Asch, 62, Professor Who Filmed Remote Societies (October 11, 1994). Date of treatment February 23, 2015.
- ↑ Lewis, 2004 .
Literature
- Albert, Bruce. Yanomami "Violence": Inclusive Fitness or Ethnographer's Representation? (Eng.) // Current Anthropology : journal. - 1989. - Vol. 30 , no. 5 . - P. 637-640 . - DOI : 10.1086 / 203793 .
- Albert, Bruce. On Yanomami warfare: rejoinder (English) // Current Anthropology : journal. - 1990. - Vol. 31 , no. 5 . - P. 558-563 . - DOI : 10.1086 / 203901 .
- Chagnon, Napoleon. Yanomamö Warfare, Social Organization and Marriage Alliances. - Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1966.
- D'Antonio, Michael . Napoleon Chagnon's War of Discovery , LA Times Magazine , UCLA ( 01.30 . 2000 ). Archived on 08.02 . 2002 . Date of treatment 09.06 . 2016 .
- Dreger, Alice. Darkness' s Descent on the American Anthropological Association (English) // Human Nature: journal. - 2011. - Vol. 22 , no. 3 . - P. 225-246 . - DOI : 10.1007 / s12110-011-9103-y . - PMID 21966181 .
- Eakin, Emily . How Napoleon Chagnon Became Our Most Controversial Anthropologist , New York Times ( 02.13 . 2013 ). Archived March 09 . 2014 . Date of treatment 09.06 . 2016 .
- Ferguson, R. Brian. Yanomami Warfare. - Santa Fe, NM: SAR, 1995 .-- ISBN 978-0933452381 .
- Ferguson, RB Materialist, cultural and biological theories on why Yanomami make war (Eng.) // Anthropological Theory : journal. - Newark, NJ: Rutgers University, 2001. - Vol. 1 , no. 1 . - P. 99-116 . - DOI : 10.1177 / 14634990122228647 .
- Gabrielson, Peter. Profile of Napoleon A. Chagnon (Eng.) // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America : journal. - 2014 .-- Vol. 111 , no. 47 . - P. 16636-16638 . - DOI : 10.1073 / pnas.1419269111 .
- Lewis, ED Introduction: Timothy Asch in America and Australia // Timothy Asch and Ethnographic Film. - Routledge, 2004 .-- ISBN 978-1134336883 .
- McGee, R. Jon & Warms, Richard L. (2007), Anthropological Theory: An Introductory History (4th ed.), McGraw-Hill, ISBN 978-0073405223
- Povinelli, Elizabeth Tribal Warfare: 'Noble Savages' by Napoleon A. Chagnon (Bookreview) ( 02.15 . 2013 ). Archived March 04 . 2013 .
- Sahlins, Marshall Jungle Fever ( 10.12 . 2000 ). Date of treatment 09.06 . 2016 . Archived on 02/28 . 2013 .
- Sahlins, M. The National Academy of Sciences: Goodbye to all that (English) // Anthropology Today : journal. - 2013 .-- Vol. 29 , no. 2 . - P. 1-2 . - DOI : 10.1111 / 1467-8322.12013 .
- Shavit, David. The United States in Latin America: A Historical Dictionary. - Greenwood, 1992 .-- ISBN 978-0313275951 .
- Silva, Stacey . Meeting The Fierce People , The Daily Nexus (January 20, 1988). Archived 10/30 . 2013 . Date of treatment 09.06 . 2016 .
Links
- Elena Srapyan, Alexander Fedorov. They were slender and yellow-eyed . nplus1.ru (January 26, 2018).
- Brockmann, John. “Edge Special Event feat. Napoleon Chagnon ” , Edge.org , June 6, 2013.
- Grossman, Andrew. "Napoleon Chagnon's Waterloo" , The Dartmouth Review , October 30, 2000.
- Wallace, Scott. “Napoleon in Exile,” National Geographic Adventure Magazine , April 2002.