Biomineralization - a set of biochemical processes during which the formation of inorganic solids in living organisms [1] [2] . In the process of biomineralization, organisms form their solid parts of the body ( bones , teeth , shells , shells, shells , etc.) [1] .
Biomineralization products are hybrid “organic / inorganic” substances that differ in complex shape, hierarchical organization, and unusual properties. Similar structures are not known in conventional inorganic chemistry .
The formation of inorganic compounds in organic matter occurs in two main ways. In the first (“biologically stimulated” mineralization) mineral phase occurs in the environment from a saturated solution that contains the necessary ions, with the “intervention” of a living organism for the formation and location of the mineral sediment. In the second way (“biologically controlled” mineralization), the mineral phase occurs under direct and constant “control” of the body so that the mineral precipitate obtains characteristic unique crystalline properties, which usually do not develop during the processes of precipitation from saturated ion solutions. In this case, the shape, size, position and orientation of the crystals can be controlled by the body cells involved in this process. Almost all biomineral structures develop on preformed matrices consisting of epithelial tissue isolation products [3] [4] .
The inorganic part of the “materials” that are formed during biomineralization is calcium carbonate , calcium sulfate, barium sulfate , amorphous polysilicic acids with the participation of phospholipids , polysaccharides or peptides [5] . Unicellular organisms are able to form crystals and composites of proteins and amorphous inorganic polymers as complex structural parts of their organisms. Calcium-containing minerals account for approximately 50% of all known biominerals, since calcium itself performs many fundamental functions in cellular metabolism [6] .
Recently, the scientific interest in the biomineralization process is due to the prospects of obtaining materials with certain necessary properties, by using natural principles.
See also
- Robert Hazen
- Barskov Igor Sergeevich
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 Terminology for biorelated polymers and applications (IUPAC Recommendations 2012) (English) // Pure and Applied Chemistry : journal. - 2012. - Vol. 84 , no. 2 . - P. 377-410 . - DOI : 10.1351 / PAC-REC-10-12-04 .
- ↑ Veis A. Mineralization in Organic Matrix Frameworks // Rev. in miner. Geochim. Biomineralization. 2003. V. 54. P. 249-283.
- ↑ Barinov S.M., Komlev V.S. Bioceramics based on calcium phosphates. M .: Nauka, 2005.202 s.
- ↑ Biomineralization // Rev. in miner. & Geochem. / Dove PM, De Yoreo J., Weiner S. (eds.). 2003. V. 54. 381 p.
- ↑ Biomineralization of unicellular organisms: An unusual membrane biochemistry for the production of inorganic nano- and microstructures. Bauerlein Edmund. (Abteilung Membranbiochemie, Max-Planck-Institut fur Biochemie Am Klopferspitz 18 A, 82152 Martinsried Germany) Angew. Chem. Int. Ed .. 2003. 42, No. 6, p. 614–641
- ↑ Carbonates: mineralogy and chemistry // Rev. in miner. & Geochem. / Reeder RJ (ed.). 1983. V. 11. 394 p.