Alfred Heinrich Bucherer ( German: Alfred Heinrich Bucherer , 1863-1927) - German experimental physicist . He took an active part in testing and discussing the theory of relativity. Of particular importance for the development of physics were his studies of the dependence of electron mass on speed (1908), which confirmed the relativistic Lorentz formula as opposed to the alternative Abraham formula. Other works relate to electronic theory , electrochemistry , gravity .
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Member of the American Physical Society (1921). In honor of the scientist named street ( Alfred-Bucherer-Straße ) in Bonn .
Content
- 1 Biography
- 2 Scientific activities
- 3 See also
- 4 notes
- 5 Proceedings
- 6 Literature
- 7 notes
Biography
Born in Cologne in 1863. He studied from 1884 to 1899, first at the University of Hanover , then at Johns Hopkins University of America, then at Strasbourg University , the University of Leipzig and the University of Bonn . In Bonn, he defended his thesis in 1899, after which he taught there until 1923 (since 1912 he was approved as a professor).
Scientific activity
In 1903, Bucherer published the first book in German, completely based on the symbolism of vector analysis [3] . Carried out measurements of an electron charge.
Like Henri Poincaré (1895, 1900), Bucherer (1903b) believed in the principle of relativity , that is, all descriptions of electrodynamic effects should contain only the relative movements of the bodies themselves, and not of the ether . However, he went further than Poincare and, following Albert Einstein , denied the physical existence of ether. True, he did not connect the rejection of the ether with the relativity of space and time.
Based on these ideas, in 1906, Bucherer developed a theory in which he shrewdly suggested that the geometry of physical space is different from Euclidean , although he formulated this hypothesis rather vaguely. In 1908, Walter Ritz showed that the Bucherer theory leads to incorrect conclusions in electrodynamics [4] .
In 1904, Bucherer developed an original theory of electrons , in which electrons are compressed in the direction of motion and expand in the perpendicular direction. Regardless of it, a very similar model was developed in 1905 by Paul Langevin . The Bucherer-Langevin model was an alternative to two previously advanced electronic models:
- Hendrick Lorenz (1899), Henri Poincaré (1905, 1906) and Albert Einstein (1905), in which electrons undergo shortening of the length without expanding in other directions.
- The Max Abraham model, in which the dimensions of the electron are unchanged, and the principle of relativity is not fulfilled.
All three models predicted an increase in the mass of the electron when its speed approaches the speed of light . The Bucherer-Langevin model was criticized and quickly rejected, so the experimenters focused on choosing between the theories of Abraham and Lorentz-Einstein. Walter Kaufman in his experiments (1901-1905) believed that his experiments confirmed the model of Abraham. But in 1908, Bucherer conducted his experiments, and the results, on the contrary, confirmed the Lorentz-Einstein model and the principle of relativity. In 1908, Bucherer recognized the principle of relativity of Einstein [5] . After some controversy, the results of Bucherer became generally recognized, and this played a significant role in the adoption by the scientific community of the theory of relativity [6] .
Later (1923, 1924), Bucherer in some publications criticized Einstein's general theory of relativity . He later removed his objection, admitting that he had misinterpreted the principle of Einstein’s equivalence [7] .
See also
- History of Special Theory of Relativity
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 German National Library , Berlin State Library , Bavarian State Library , etc. Record # 116818050 // General regulatory control (GND) - 2012—2016.
- ↑ Find a Grave - 1995. - ed. size: 165000000
- ↑ Crowe, MJ A History of Vector Analysis: The Evolution of the Idea of a Vectorial System (English) : journal. - Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1967.
- ↑ Darrigol, Olivier. Bucherer's theory // Electrodynamics from Ampére to Einstein. - Clarendon Press, 2000. - P. 369–372. - ISBN 0-19-850594-9 .
- ↑ Miller, AI Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity. Emergence (1905) and early interpretation (1905–1911). - Addison – Wesley, 1981. - ISBN 0-201-04679-2 .
- ↑ Jammer M. The concept of mass in classical and modern physics . - M .: Progress, 1967, p. 172 onwards. (Reprint: URSS Editorial, 2003, ISBN 5-354-00363-6 )
- ↑ Wenzl, M. Gegen ein Mißverständnis der Äquivalenzhypothese (neopr.) // Annalen der Physik . - 1923. - T. 377 , No. 22 . - S. 457-460 . - DOI : 10.1002 / andp.19233772203 . - .
Proceedings
- Bucherer, AH Die Wirkung des Magnetismus auf dielectromotorische Kraft (German) // Annalen der Physik : magazin. - 1896. - Bd. 294 , Nr. 7 . - S. 564-578 . - DOI : 10.1002 / andp.18962940710 . - .
- Bucherer, AH Nachtrag zu: Die Wirkung des Magnetismus auf dielectromotorische Kraft (German) // Annalen der Physik : magazin. - 1896. - Bd. 295 , Nr. 12 . - S. 735-741 . - DOI : 10.1002 / andp.18962951208 . - .
- Bucherer, AH Berichtigung zu "Magnetismus und electromotorische Kraft" (German) // Annalen der Physik : magazin. - 1897. - Bd. 297 , Nr. 8 . - S. 807 . - DOI : 10.1002 / andp.18972970814 . - .
- Bucherer, AH Ueber osmotischen Druck (neopr.) // Annalen der Physik . - 1898. - T. 300 , No. 3 . - S. 549–554 . - DOI : 10.1002 / andp.18983000307 . - .
- Bucherer, AH Zur Theorie der Thermoelektricität der Elektrolyte (neopr.) // Annalen der Physik . - 1900. - T. 308 , No. 10 . - S. 204-209 . - DOI : 10.1002 / andp.19003081004 . - .
- Bucherer, AH Ueber das Kraftfeld einer sich gleichförmig bewegenden Ladung (German) // Annalen der Physik : magazin. - 1902. - Bd. 313 , Nr. 6 . - S. 326—335 . - DOI : 10.1002 / andp.19023130606 . - .
- Bucherer, AH Berichtigung (neopr.) // Annalen der Physik . - 1902. - T. 314 , No. 9 . - S. 496 . - DOI : 10.1002 / andp.19023141015 . - .
- Bucherer, AH Elemente der Vektor-Analysis mit Beispielen aus der theoretischen Physik. - Leipzig: Teubner, 1903.
- Bucherer, AH Über den Einfluß der Erdbewegung auf die Intensität des Lichtes (German) // Annalen der Physik : magazin. - 1903b. - Bd. 316 , Nr. 6 . - S. 270-283 . - DOI : 10.1002 / andp.19033160604 . - .
- Bucherer, AH Mathematische Einführung in die Elektronentheorie. - Leipzig: Teubner, 1904.
- Bucherer, AH Das deformierte Elektron und die Theorie des Elektromagnetismus (German) // Physikalische Zeitschrift : magazin. - 1905. - Bd. 6 . - S. 833-834 .
- Bucherer, AH Ein Versuch, den Elektromagnetismus auf Grund der Relativbewegung darzustellen (German) // Physikalische Zeitschrift : magazin. - 1906. - Bd. 7 . - S. 553-557 .
- Bucherer, AH On a new Principle of Relativity in Electromagnetism (English) // Philosophical Magazine : journal. - 1907. - Vol. 13 . - P. 413-421 . - DOI : 10.1080 / 14786440709463617 .
- Bucherer, AH The Action of Uniform Electric and Magnetic Fields on Moving Electrons ( Philosophical Magazine : journal. - 1907. - Vol. 13 . - P. 721 . - DOI : 10.1080 / 14786440709463650 .
- Bucherer, AH Messungen an Becquerelstrahlen. Die experimentelle Bestätigung der Lorentz-Einsteinschen Theorie (German) // Physikalische Zeitschrift : magazin. - 1908. - Bd. 9 . - S. 755-762 .
- Bucherer, AH On the Principle of Relativity and on the Electromagnetic Mass of the Electron. A Reply to Mr. Cunningham // Philosophical Magazine : journal. - 1908. - Vol. 15 . - P. 316-318 . - DOI : 10.1080 / 14786440809463774 .
- Bucherer, AH Die experimentelle Bestätigung des Relativitätsprinzips (German) // Annalen der Physik : magazin. - 1909. - Bd. 333 , Nr. 3 . - S. 513-536 . - DOI : 10.1002 / andp.19093330305 . - .
- Bucherer, AH Nachtrag zu meiner Arbeit: "Bestätigung des Relativitätsprinzips" (German) // Annalen der Physik : magazin. - 1909. - Bd. 334 , Nr. 10 . - S. 1063 . - DOI : 10.1002 / andp.19093341011 . - .
- Bucherer, AH Antwort auf die Kritik des Hrn. E. Bestelmeyer bezüglich meiner experimentellen Bestätigung des Relativitätsprinzips (German) // Annalen der Physik : magazin. - 1909. - Bd. 335 , Nr. 15 . - S. 974-986 . - DOI : 10.1002 / andp.19093351506 . - .
- Bucherer, AH Erwiderung auf die Bemerkungen des Hrn. A. Bestelmeyer (German) // Annalen der Physik : magazin. - 1910. - Bd. 338 , Nr. 14 . - S. 853-856 . - DOI : 10.1002 / andp.19103381414 . - .
- Bucherer, AH Die neuesten Bestimmungen der spezifischen Ladung des Elektrons (German) // Annalen der Physik : magazin. - 1912. - Bd. 342 , Nr. 3 . - S. 597-598 . - DOI : 10.1002 / andp.19123420311 . - .
- Bucherer, AH Gravitation und Quantentheorie (neopr.) // Annalen der Physik . - 1922. - T. 373 , No. 9 . - S. 1-10 . - DOI : 10.1002 / andp.19223730902 . - .
- Bucherer, AH Gravitation und Quantentheorie. II (neopr.) // Annalen der Physik . - 1922. - T. 373 , No. 14 . - S. 545-550 . - DOI : 10.1002 / andp.19223731403 . - .
- Bucherer, AH Die Rolle des Standorts in der Relativitätstheorie. Eine Antwort auf die Kritik des Hrn. A. Wenzl (German) // Annalen der Physik : magazin. - 1924. - Bd. 378 , Nr. 5-6 . - S. 397-402 . - DOI : 10.1002 / andp.19243780506 . - .
- Bucherer, AH Berichtigung zur Arbeit "Die Rolle des Standorts in der Relativitätstheorie" (German) // Annalen der Physik : magazin. - 1924. - Bd. 379 , Nr. 9 . - S. 104 . - DOI : 10.1002 / andp.19243790906 . - .
Literature
- Temples Yu. A. Bucherer Alfred Henry // Physicists. Biographical reference. - Ed. 2nd, rev. and add. - M .: Nauka, 1983 .-- 400 p.
- Max von Laue (1955, ISBN 3-428-00183-4 ), Bucherer, Alfred Heinrich , Neue Deutsche Biographie (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot). - T. 2: 700-700 , < http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0001/bsb00016318/images/index.html?seite=718 > ; ( full text online ) (German)