Margaret Stewart, Dauphine of France ( born Margaret Stewart, Dauphine of France ), or Margaret of Scotland ( born Margaret of Scotland , FR Marguerite d'Écosse ; December 25, 1424, Edinburgh Castle [1] , Kingdom of Scotland - August 16, 1445, August 14, 1445 Chalon-sur-Marne , Kingdom of France ) - Princess of the Stuart House, née Scottish Princess, daughter of James I , King of Scotland. The first wife of the Dauphin of France, Louis , the future king of France under the name of Louis XI.
| Margarita Scottish | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English Margaret of scotland fr. Marguerite d'Écosse | |||||||
 Probable portrait of a brush by an unknown | |||||||
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| Predecessor | Jacob of Bavaria | ||||||
| Successor | Charlotte of Savoy | ||||||
| Birth | December 25, 1424 Edinburgh , Kingdom of Scotland | ||||||
| Death | August 16, 1445 (aged 20) Chalon-sur-Marne , Kingdom of France | ||||||
| Burial place | Church of , Thouars | ||||||
| Kind | Stuart | ||||||
| Father | King James I | ||||||
| Mother | Joan Beaufort | ||||||
| Spouse | Dauphin Louis | ||||||
| Religion | Catholicism | ||||||
Content
- 1 Biography
- 1.1 Origin
- 1.2 Marriage
- 1.3 Life at court
- 1.4 Death
- 2 Genealogy
- 3 notes
- 4 Literature
- 5 Link
Biography
Origin
Margarita was born in Edinburgh Castle on Christmas Day 1424 [1] . She was the first child and eldest daughter of the Scottish king James I and Joan Beaufort , a cousin of the English king Henry VI . On the father's side, the princess was the granddaughter of Robert III , king of Scotland, and Annabelle Drummond of the Scottish Drummond clan . On the mother's side, was the granddaughter of John Beaufort , 1st Earl of Somerset, and Margarita Holland , an English aristocrat from the Holland clan [2] [3] .
Margarita had a beautiful appearance and good disposition [4] [5] . Like the two younger sisters, she inherited from her father a hobby for literature and poetic talent, had a personal library [6] .
Marriage
In 1427 (or 1428 [1] ), the French king Charles VII sent ambassadors to James I with a proposal for the marriage of Princess Margarita to his son, Prince Louis . Negotiations on behalf of the French king were led by the poet Alain Chartier , one of the predecessors of the French Renaissance [7] . In addition to him, the embassy included , Archbishop of Reims , and the head of the Scottish mercenaries in the French kingdom, John Stewart of Darnley . An agreement was reached by the parties in Perth on July 19, 1428 and ratified by the French king at Chalon on October 30 of that year [8] .
As a result, James I agreed to send six thousand Scottish mercenaries to Charles VII. For his part, the French king undertook, if Margarita did not become queen after marriage, annually pay her fifteen thousand livres . The parties also agreed that if the Dauphin died before the marriage was completed, the princess would have to marry the other son of the French king, if any, or receive compensation in the amount of four hundred thousand gold crowns. If she dies before the marriage is completed, the Dauphin will have to marry one of her sisters. At the request of his father, Margarita remained in Scotland until she reached a more mature age [1] [8] .
The marriage was concluded for political reasons: France hoped for military assistance from Scotland in the Hundred Years War with England, while England offered Scotland territorial concessions and an eternal peace treaty, subject to the rejection of this marriage. Jacob I turned to the clergy and nobility for advice. Opinions were divided among the clergy, while the nobility categorically rejected all the proposals of the English king. The Scottish king agreed with the opinion of the nobility, and in 1436 Margarita left her homeland aboard a ship in Dunbar , accompanied by the French embassy and a detachment of Scots, who protected the princess from attack from the British [9] [10] . The motorcade entered the territory of the French kingdom near the port of La Rochelle . Margarita spent some time in the Nyolsky monastery before being able to continue her journey to the courtyard in Tours [1] .
On June 23 or 24, 1436 [2] the thirteen-year-old bridegroom and the eleven-year-old bride were introduced to each other. The next day, a wedding ceremony was held in the castle chapel in Tours , held by the Reims Archbishop of Renault de Chartres [11] . The wedding was very modest. The groom looked older than his years. The bride looked like a beautiful figurine. Charles VII was dressed untidy; he wore gray riding trousers and spurs that were not removed [12] . The wedding reception did not last long, and at the end of the Scots guests were pushed out the door. The reason for this behavior was the poverty of the French court, which could not afford long wedding celebrations. However, all this was perceived by the Scots as an insult [13] .
After the ceremony, the court doctors advised to postpone the consummation of the marriage due to the relative immaturity of the bride and groom. Margarita continued her studies, and Louis and his father went on a journey through the feuds of the kingdom, a loyal crown. During this journey, the king granted him the title of dauphin [13] .
Life at Court
At court Margarita patronized writers and poets, among whom were Jeanne Fillol [14] and Louise de Bochelle. Dauphin was fluent in French . She composed poems on it - rondo and ballads [6] [15] .
Margarita’s relationship with her husband was tense [16] . He did not share her passion for poetry. All dauphin verses were burned by her husband immediately after her death [6] . The difficult relationship with Louis was largely due to the difficult relationship of the crown prince with the king-father, with whom his wife, on the contrary, had mutual understanding and respect. Margarita had a good relationship with her husband’s mother [1] [17] .
In The History of French Poetry, Abbot wrote a historical joke : Margarita, walking through the palace, saw the sleeping poet Alain Chartier and kissed him. To the reproaches of her maids of honor, the queen replied that she had kissed not a man, but a mouth endowed with poetic talent, and her act would leave her memory for centuries [18] . In some sources, instead of Margarita, Anna of Breton is called [19] . Historian ; Specialist in medieval history of Scotland, in the book "Power and Propaganda: Scotland 1306-1488" claims that the author of this historical joke is Alain Chartier himself, who used Margarita's passion for poetry in the slanderous campaign against her [6] . However, such a statement is not indisputable, since the date of death of the poet is considered to be the time interval between 1430 and 1433, that is, he died before the wedding of Margarita and Louis [7] .
Death
Margarita died on August 16, 1445 in Chalon-sur-Marne [2] from pneumonia [20] . A few days before her death, she and the maids of honor joined the pilgrimage performed by the courtiers. The weather was hot, on returning from the pilgrimage the Dauphin undressed in his stone bedchamber. The next morning she developed a fever [1] .
The princess’s painful condition was aggravated by the rumors about her marital infidelity, which were distributed by the Breton mercenary in the service of King Charles VII - Jame de Tile, Ballme Vermandois [20] . During the stay of the courtyard in Nancy, he saw how in the evening the dauphin was surrounded by maids of honor and some court men in her chambers [21] . On her deathbed, Margarita claimed to have remained faithful to her husband and accused Jamet de Tiley of the murder with the word [22] [23] .
The slander that fell upon her finally brought the Dauphin to a depressed state. According to legend, her last words, said in response to the exhortations of a friend who urged her to start up and live, were: “Fie for life! Do not talk about this with me anymore ”( Fr. Fi de la vie! Qu'on ne m'en parle plus ) [24] . She was buried in the , and later reburied in the in Tuara [25] [26] .
A little more than five years after her death, when the widowed husband married again. The second wife of Louis was Charlotte of Savoy , married to whom he had eight children, but only three children survived to adulthood: the Dauphin Carl , the future king of France under the name of Charles VIII, and Princess Anne and Jeanne [27] .
Genealogy
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Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Kim .
- ↑ 1 2 3 Richardson, 2011 , pp. 154-155.
- ↑ Ewan et al., 2006 , p. 184.
- ↑ Stevenson, 2014 , p. 43.
- ↑ Higgins, 1993 , p. 171.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Stevenson, 2014 , p. 151.
- ↑ 1 2 Grushke, 1903 , p. 191-192.
- ↑ 1 2 Duclos, 1746 , p. 8.
- ↑ Duclos, 1746 , pp. 8-9.
- ↑ Duchein, 1998 , p. 148.
- ↑ Duclos, 1746 , p. 9.
- ↑ Cleugh, 1970 , pp. 21-24.
- ↑ 1 2 Tyrrell, 1980 , pp. 19-20, 22.
- ↑ Filleul .
- ↑ Higgins, 1993 , p. 173-174.
- ↑ Pesce, 2011 , p. 150-151.
- ↑ Pesce, 2011 , p. 149.
- ↑ Whitelaw, 1857 , p. Xviii.
- ↑ Puttenham, Whigham, Rebhorn, 2007 , pp. 61-62.
- ↑ 1 2 Pesce, 2011 , p. 147.
- ↑ Duclos, 1746 , p. 35.
- ↑ Higgins, 1993 , p. 172.
- ↑ Pesce, 2011 , p. 148.
- ↑ Noel, 1831 , p. 585.
- ↑ Panton, 2011 , p. 448.
- ↑ Tombes .
- ↑ Lundy .
Literature
- Grushke N.F. Chartier, Alain // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron . - SPb. : Printing House of Brockhaus-Efron Joint Stock Company, 1903. - T. XXXIX. - S. 191-192. - 491 p.
- Cleugh J. Chant Royal: The Life of King Louis XI of France (1423-1483) : [ eng. ] . - New York: Doubleday, 1970 .-- P. 21-24. - 312 p.
- Duchein M. Histoire de l'Ecosse : [ eng. ] . - Paris: Fayard, 1998 .-- P. 148. - 593 p. - (Biographies Historiques). - ISBN 978-2-21-363966-6 .
- Duclos C. The History of Lewis XI, King of France : [ eng. ] . - London: C. Davis & T. Vaillant, 1746. - Vol. I. - P. 8, 35-36, 272. - 353 p.
- Ewan LE, Innes S., Reynolds S., Pipes R. The Biographical Dictionary of Scottish Women : [ eng. ] . - Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2006 .-- P. 184. - 440 p. - ISBN 978-0-74-862660-1 .
- Higgins P. 'The Other Minervas': Creative Women at the Court of Margaret of Scotland // Rediscovering the Muses: Women's Musical Traditions : [ eng. ] / ed. Kimberly Marshall - Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1993 .-- P. 169-185. - 352 p. - ISBN 155-553-219-5 , 978-1-55-553219-2.
- Noel FJ Philologie Francaise ou dictionnaire etymologique, critique, historique, anecdotique, litteraire : [ eng. ] . - Paris: Le Normant, 1831. - P. 585. - 799 p.
- Panton J. Stewart, Margaret, dauphine of France // Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy: [ eng. ] . - Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press, 2011 .-- P. 448. - 722 p. - ISBN 978-0-81-087497-8 .
- Pesce D. Hearing the Motet: Essays on the Motet of the Middle Ages and Renaissance : [ eng. ] . - Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011 .-- 381 p. - ISBN 019-535-165-7 , 978-0-19-535165-1.
- Puttenham G., Whigham F., Rebhorn WA The Art of English Poesy : [ eng. ] . - London: Cornell University Press, 2007. - P. 61-62. - 498 p.
- Richardson D. Plantagenet Ancestry: A Study In Colonial And Medieval Families : [ eng. ] . - Salt Lake City, Utah: Kimball G. Evernigham, 2011 .-- Vol. I. - P. 154-155. - 762 p. - ISBN 978-1-46-104513-7 .
- Stevenson K. Power and Propaganda: Scotland 1306-1488 : [ eng. ] . - Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2014 .-- P. 43, 151, 198, 205. - 249 p. - (New History of Scotland). - ISBN 978-0-74-869419-8 .
- Tyrrell JM Louis XI : [ eng. ] . - Boston, Mass. : Twayne, 1980 .-- Vol. LXXXII. - P. 19-20, 22. - 201 p. - (World Leaders Series). - ISBN 978-0-80-577728-4 .
- Whitelaw al. The Book of Scottish Song; Collected and Illustrated with Historical and Critical Notices, and an Essay on the Song-writers of Scotland : [ eng. ] . - Glasgow: Blackie & Son, 1857. - P. XVIII. - 609 p.
Link
- Kim Ar. Margaret Stewart, Dauphine of France (1424-1445) . www.weavingthetapestry.com . - Weaving the Tapestry. Date of treatment December 29, 2016. (English)
- Jeanne Filleul . www.arlima.net . - Biographie. Date of treatment December 29, 2016. (fr.)
- Marguerite d'Écosse (1424 - 16 août 1445). Église abbatiale Saint-Laon de Thouars . www.tombes-sepultures.com . - Tombes et sepultures dans les cimetieres et autres lieux. Date of treatment December 29, 2016. (fr.)
- Lundy D. Louis XI, Roi de France . www.thepeerage.com . - A genealogical survey of the peerage of Britain as well as the royal families of Europe. Date of treatment December 29, 2016. (English)