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Deportation of the Balkars

The deportation of the Balkars is the forced eviction of the Balkar people from the territory of the Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic , carried out by the People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR on March 8–9, 1944, by decision of the State Defense Committee , in the regions of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan . 37,713 people were evicted [3] [4] . The initiator and organizer of the repression was Lavrenty Beria [5] [6] . Officially, the deportation was justified by the facts of the participation of representatives of the people in collaborationist groups that supported Nazi Germany during the Great Patriotic War . Subsequently, the highest state bodies of the USSR , and later Russia, deportation was declared illegal, criminal and an act of genocide .

The deportation of the Balkars to the USSR
Stalinist repression
A country the USSR
Development date1944
DeveloperLavrenty Beria
goalCleaning society from the existing and possible enemies of Stalinism [1] [2]
Executor

General management: Serov, I.A. , Kobulov B.Z.

NKVD of the USSR : Piashev I.I. , Bochkov V.M. , Petrov I.A. , Sladkevich M.I. , Bziava K.P. , Filatov S.P.
NKGB of the USSR : Milstein S.R.
Timefrom March 8, 02:00 to March 9, 1944 ( UTC + 4 )
A placeKabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
Result37 713 people were evicted.
The abolition of the KBASSR and the formation of the Kabardian ASSR
Elbrus and Elbrus were transferred to Georgia.
Dead562

Content

  • 1 Background
  • 2 Reasons for deportation
    • 2.1 Stalinism
    • 2.2 “Small contribution”
  • 3 Course of events
    • 3.1 Preparing the operation
    • 3.2 March 8, 1944
    • 3.3 Completion of an operation
    • 3.4 Distribution by region
  • 4 Consequences
    • 4.1 Boundary changes
    • 4.2 Population
    • 4.3 Education
    • 4.4 Return
    • 4.5 Rehabilitation
  • 5 The fate of the organizers of deportation
  • 6 Evaluation of specialists
  • 7 Memory
  • 8 In culture
    • 8.1 Movies
  • 9 See also
  • 10 notes
  • 11 Literature
  • 12 Links

Background

In August 1942, five regions of the Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic were occupied by German troops (see the Nalchik-Ordzhonikidze operation (1942) ) . October 24, 1942 was occupied by Nalchik [7] . During the retreat, industrial enterprises were left with their equipment. It was also left: 314.9 thousand sheep (248 thousand destroyed or exported by the Germans), 45.5 thousand head of cattle (more than 23 thousand destroyed or exported), 25.5 thousand horses (about 6 thousand destroyed or exported) [3] .

It was planned to organize several partisan detachments totaling up to a thousand people. But, due to the fact that the partisan families were not evacuated, these units broke up. It was possible to assemble only one detachment, consisting of 125 people. As a result, the leadership of the republic failed to organize the partisan movement [8] .

At the beginning of 1943, the Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was liberated by Soviet troops. Nalchik was liberated by the troops of the 37th Army of the Northern Group of Forces of the Transcaucasian Front, together with the partisans of Kabardino-Balkaria. Despite this, as of May 1943, 44 anti-Soviet rebel groups (941 people) were operating in the republic, which, according to official figures, included former party workers [9] .

Reasons for deportation

Stalinism

It is believed that the reason for the deportation of the Balkars, in a broader sense, is Stalinism and the system, which opened up scope for repression and terror against Soviet people [10] . The deportation of the Balkarian people became possible also because during the period of repression of the 1920s and 1930s, the basic condition for the unification of Kabarda and Balkaria on the equal formation of government bodies was violated. Before the war, the population of the republic was 359,236 people, for political reasons 17,000 people were arrested, of whom 9,547 were prosecuted, of which 2,184 people were shot. Party and Soviet workers from among the Balkars became victims of repression, including Ako Gemuev , Kellet Ulbashev , Kanshau Chechenov, Magomed Eneev , writers Said Otarov , Khamid Temmoev , Ahmadiya Ulbashev and others [10] [11] .

Repression continued in the prewar and war years. The following were arrested and convicted: H. Appaev - chairman of the Chegem district executive committee, deputy of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR ; S. Kumukov - head. department of the regional committee of the CPSU (b), A. Mokaev - chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the KBASSR , A. Nastaev - chairman of the Elbrus district executive committee, deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR . All of them were fully rehabilitated in the 50-60s. But the artificial accusation against leading Balkar workers in 1944 was used against the entire Balkar people [12] .

Small Contribution

In the fight against the Nazis, they saw a “small contribution” and even a “betrayal” of the Balkarian people, and in addition to this, the “inability of the Balkaria to protect Elbrus” [5] . This was stated by the head of the NKVD Beria [13] . On February 23, 1944, signed by Kumekhov Z.D. , 1st Secretary of the Kabardino-Balkarian Regional Committee of the CPSU (B.) , In the name of Beria, a "Information on the state of the Balkarian regions of the KBASSR" was submitted. It is believed that she was prepared for him [14] . Which, in particular, described the activities and numbers of gangs on the territory of the KBASSR. The gangs actively collaborated with the Germans and received weapons and products from them. Their main goal was to counter Soviet power. But the bandits also attacked collective farm cats, stole cattle, took weapons from the guards and food from the collective farmers. The operational registration in the NKVD KBASSR and the NKGB KBASSR consisted of 1737 people [15] [16] . Help ended with the words:

 Based on the foregoing, we consider it necessary to resolve the issue of the possibility of resettlement of the Balkars beyond the borders of the KBASSR. 

On February 24, in Beria’s top secret telegram addressed to Stalin, the need for deportation is proved as follows [17] [18] :

 ... in 1942, anti-Soviet elements in Balkaria significantly intensified their enemy work in the rear of the Red Army, created gang-rebel groups using deserters from the Balkars who fled from the front ... In the Balkar regions, some of the leading Soviet and party workers also left in gangs ... The occupation of the Germans by the majority of the Balkars was welcomed kindly ... At the direction of the Germans and the emigrants Shokmanov and Kemmetov they brought with them, the Balkars agreed with the Karachais to unite the Balkaria with Karachai ... 

According to P. M. Polyan , the deportations of peoples, including the Balkars, were not preventive actions, but acts of “retaliation” for crimes committed or imperfect during the war years against the USSR [5] .

Event

Operation Preparation

The eviction preparation mechanism was as follows:

  1. Obviously false information was generated about the situation in the republic, for credibility with an insignificant amount of truth. Although in the stream of messages from Kabardino-Balkaria about the facts of the opposition of the Soviet power to a part of the population of the republic during the German occupation, the Balkars did not stand out.
  2. In 1944, reports began to arrive (in a number of sources of "exposure") from the People's Commissars of Internal Affairs and State Security of the KBASSR K.P. Bziava and S.I. Filatov . Reports with a negative assessment of the behavior of the Balkarian population played the role of legal justification for sentencing people [10] .

In January 1944, the first preliminary discussions on the possibility of resettlement of the Balkars began in the NKVD of the USSR and the development of an operation plan began [14] . On February 23, Z. D. Kumekhov signed the "Information on the state of the Balkarian regions of the KBASSR." On February 24, Stalin received an offer from Beria to evict the Balkars [5] [18] [19] . And on February 26, Beria signed the order on the NKVD of the USSR No. 00186 "On measures to evict the Balkarian population from the design bureau of the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic" [5] [20] . The day before, during a meeting attended by Beria, Serov , Kobulov with the secretary of the Kabardino-Balkarian regional party committee, Zuber Kumekhov , a trip to Elbrus was scheduled [5] .

Arriving in Elbrus region on March 2, Beria, accompanied by Kobulov and Mamulov , informed Kumekhov of the eviction of the Balkars and the transfer of their lands to Georgia to create a defensive line on the northern slopes of the Greater Caucasus [13] .

Soon, on March 5, GKO Decree No. 5309 on the eviction of Balkars from the KBASSR [21] [22] was issued. On the same day, March 5, military units arrived in Balkar villages. The population was informed that the troops arrived for rest and replenishment. The general management of the deportation was assigned to the deputies of the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR Colonel General I. Serov and Colonel General B. Kobulov . Major General I. Piyashev [23] was appointed the direct leader of the operation, and Major General M. I. Sladkevich and local people's commissars (state security and internal affairs) S.I. Filatov and K. P. Bziav became his deputies [5 ] [20] .

For the operation, the troops of the Red Army and the NKVD were allocated with a total number of more than 21 thousand people. The operation involved troops and units of the Red Army : Moscow Rifle Division (without the 1st regiment), 23rd Rifle Brigade, 136th, 170th, 263rd, 266th Rifle Regiments, 3rd Motorized Rifle Regiment , Moscow Military Technical School , Separate battalion of industrial troops, School for Advanced Political Staff, 4000 operatives of the NKVD-NKGB. For transportation, the 244th regiment of the NKVD escort troops [20] [24] was allocated.

The territory of the Balkars was divided into 5 sectors: Elbrus, Chegemsky, Hulamo-Besengievsky, Chereksky and Nalchik. Each of the four districts with a predominantly Balkarian population and the fifth in the city of Nalchik, for Balkars living in other areas [5] .

March 8, 1944

Although the day the operation began was set for March 10, but had spent it earlier [5] . Early in the morning on March 8, 1944, the population was ordered to pack on the road. The entire operation to evict the Balkars lasted two hours. The entire population was subjected to eviction without exception: participants in the Civil and Patriotic Wars , invalids of the war, parents, wives, children of front-line soldiers, deputies of Soviets of all levels, leaders of party and Soviet bodies [5] .

Balkarcev, from all over the territory of the KBASSR, was transported by Studebakers to the railway station in Nalchik. Where they were distributed among freight cars. There were a total of 14 echelons [25] . Each train consisted of 56 cars, 40–45 people were placed in the car [26] . The echelons with Balkars in the documents were called the code "Northern Caucasus - 455" [14] [27] .

Completion of the operation

On March 11, Beria reported to Stalin that "37,103 people were evicted from the Balkars" [13] [28] . At that time, according to the Statistical Office of the KBASSR in March 1943, the total population of the republic was 292,683 people [29] . According to the NKVD , by March 24, for 18 days of travel, 562 people died of hunger, cold, and disease in freight cars intended for transporting livestock (almost without bunks and stoves for heating) [14] [30] [31 ] [32] .

On April 8, 1944, a Decree was issued by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the resettlement of Balkars living in the Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, and on the renaming of the Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in the Kabardian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic [5] [33] [34] . Elbrus and Elbrus were transferred to the Georgian SSR [35] . A little later in May (from May 5 to 10), two dozen Balkar families were deported from the territory of the former Karachay (at that time, the Klukhor district of Georgia) [5] . The total number of Balkars who underwent deportation was 37 713 people [4] .

District Distribution

The evicted Balkars were distributed in new areas of residence as follows [13] [36] :

  • Kazakh SSR - 16 684 people (4660 families)
  • Kyrgyz SSR - 15 743 people (9320 adults)
  • Uzbek SSR - 419 people (250 adults)
  • Tajik SSR - 4 people
  • Irkutsk region - 20 people
  • areas of the Far North - 14 people

All special migrants were registered, with a mandatory monthly check at the place of residence in special commandant's offices. Without the commandant’s sanction, it was forbidden to leave the settlement area. Unauthorized absence was equated with escape and entailed criminal liability [37] [38] . For any violation, including disobedience to the commandant, the settlers were subject to administrative or criminal penalties [21] [39] [40] .

Consequences

The deportation had a number of negative consequences: the physical destruction of part of the Balkarian ethnic group, the forcible destruction of the structure of the political, socio-economic, cultural development of the Balkars and the elimination of the statehood of the people. Damage was also done to the economic development of the KBASSR : the remaining population was, on a voluntary-compulsory basis, forced to develop and maintain empty lands [41] . A generational gap has occurred: because of the resettlement, many members of family-related structures were separated, as a result of which the tradition of transferring experience from parents to children was violated [12] .

Border Changes

From 1944 to 1957, the southwestern parts of the Elbrus and Nagorny districts of the Kabardian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic were included in the Upper Svanetian region of the Georgian SSR, changing, in this regard, the border between the RSFSR and the Georgian SSR [35] . The border “from the Burun-Tash pass went east along the Malka River to an altitude of 2877, then to the southeast along the Islam Chai River through a height of 3242 at the Kyrtyk-Aush Pass, to the southeast along the Kyrtyk River, west of the village of Verkhny Baksan and south along the Adyr-Su river to the Mestia pass ” [34] [35] .

Population

According to statistics, by October 1948 the number of Balkars reached the lowest rate - 31.7 thousand people. People died due to unbearable climate, diseases, hunger. Ediev D. gives the following data in the framework of the evaluation study [42] :

Table 1. The population of the Balkars , thousands of people (estimate) [43] [44] [45]
Month yearMarch 44March 44Dec. 44Oct. 45Oct. 46Oct. 48Jan 49June. 49July 49Jan. 50July.50Jan. 53Jan 54Jan 59Jan 70Jan 79Jan 89
The number of Balkars, thousand people38.337,23333.332.931.7323232.632.831.833.33442,459.572,485.1

Education

In order to assimilate and erase the historical and cultural basis of the repressed peoples, language and cultural traditions were excluded from the list of officially supported by the state. For Balkar children it was difficult to get a school education: only every sixth of them attended school [10] . The possibility of studying at universities was also considered, but within the Union republic where special migrants lived [46] [47] .

Return

On April 28, 1956, a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR “On the removal of restrictions on the legal status of Crimean Tatars, Balkars, Turks - citizens of the USSR, Kurds, Khemshils and members of their families evicted during the Great Patriotic War” [3] [48] [49 ] ] . Although the decree said that removing people from the register of special settlements does not yet imply their return to the Caucasus, the process was launched: the Balkars began to return. This, in part, accelerated the adoption of official decisions. On November 24, 1956, the CPSU Central Committee adopted the Decree “On the Restoration of the National Autonomy of the Kalmyk , Karachai, Balkarian, Chechen and Ingush Peoples”, in which deportation was recognized as an act of arbitrariness and lawlessness [50] .

On January 9, 1957, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR issued a Decree “On the Transformation of the Kabardin Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic into the Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic” [51] [52] . The mass return of the Balkars to their homeland began. The bulk returned to mid-1958 [53] . In the period 1957-1959 9327 Balkar families returned with a total number of 35,274 people [50] . By 1979, about 90% of all Balkars returned to the Caucasus [5] .

For various reasons, some of the deportees decided to stay. Someone decided that now, being equal citizens of the USSR, it doesn’t matter where to live, others didn’t want to give up their acquired economy and career, while others, having already made friends with representatives of the local population, did not want to leave relatives. According to the results of the 1989 All-Union Census, more than 2,967 people lived in Kazakhstan, and 2,131 Balkars lived in Kyrgyzstan. The main places of residence of the Balkars in Kazakhstan were the Sherbaktinsky and Uspensky districts of the Pavlodar region, Almaty and Dzhambul regions , the cities of Almaty , Taldy-Kurgan, Astana, Taraz, Shymkent . In Kyrgyzstan, these were the villages: Novopokrovka, Dmitriyevka, Issyk-Ata District, Chui Region, Kuturg, Tyup District, Issyk-Kul Region [50] .

Rehabilitation

On November 14, 1989, the Declaration of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR was adopted, in which all the repressed peoples of the RSFSR were rehabilitated and the repressive acts against them at the state level were declared illegal and criminal [54] [55] .

In 1991, the RSFSR Law "On the Rehabilitation of Repressed Peoples" was adopted, which recognized the right of repressed peoples to restore territorial integrity, as well as to compensation for damage caused by the state [56] [57] [58] .

June 10, 1993 adopted the decree "On the socio-economic support of the Balkarian people" [55] [59] . March 3, 1994 issued a decree "On measures for the rehabilitation of the Balkar people and state support for its revival and development" [60] [61] .

The law of the RSFSR of April 26, 1991 No. 1107-1 “On the rehabilitation of repressed peoples” recognized the repressive acts as criminal and illegal. The state deportation act was recognized as genocide . Article 4 of this law proclaimed that campaigning impeding the rehabilitation of repressed peoples is not allowed, and those who commit such acts should be held accountable [62] [63] [64] .

The fate of the organizers of deportation

The participants in the evictions of the peoples of the North Caucasus were presented by L.P. Beria for awards; on March 8, 1944, the Chairman of the USSR PVS M.I. Kalinin signed a decree on awarding the Chekists and the military for exemplary performance of special tasks of the government [65] [66] .

In total, 714 people were awarded, of which:

  • 4 people were awarded the Order of Suvorov I degree
  • Order of Kutuzov I degree - 3
  • Order of Suvorov II degree - 13
  • Order of Kutuzov II degree - 17
  • Order of the Red Banner - 79
  • Order of the Patriotic War I degree - 47
  • Order of the Patriotic War II degree - 61
  • Order of the Red Star - 120
  • Medal "For Courage" - 259
  • the medal "For Military Merit" - 111 people.

Of these: the orders of Suvorov of the 1st degree were awarded to Beria L.P. , Kobulov B. 3. , Kruglov S.N. and Serov I.A. The orders of Kutuzov of the 1st degree were awarded to Apollonov A.N. , Merkulov V.N. and Piyashev I. I. Order of Suvorov II degree - Abakumov V.S. , Gvishiani M.M. , Dobrynin G.P. , Drozdov V.A. , Proshin V.S., Rapava A.N. , Stakhanov N.P., Tsereteli Sh. O. and Sheredeg I. S. Order of Kutuzov II degree - Goglidze S. A. , Gorbatyuk I. M., Klepov S. A., Krivenko M. S., Leontiev A. M., Milshtein S. R . , Ogoltsov S.I., Petrov G.A., Pokotilo S.V., Tkachenko I.M. and Yuhimovich S.P. Order of the Red Banner - Vurgaft A.A. , Gagua I. A. , Gorlinsky N. D. , Gornostaev Y. F., Kakuchaya V. A. , Karanadze G. T. , Markeev M. I., Rukhadze N. M. and Esaulov A. A. The Order of the Red Star is Arkadyev D.V. , Bochkov V.M. , Mamulov S.S. [65] [67] [68] .

On April 4, 1962, the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR “On the abolition of the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the USSR of March 8, 1944“ On the award of orders and medals to employees of the People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs and the People’s Commissariat of State Security ”” was issued, according to which the officers and military personnel who deported The North Caucasus was stripped of awards [69] [70] . This proposal to cancel the awards was introduced, as A.I. Mikoyan wrote to them [71] .

A number of senior state security officials were arrested and convicted: L. P. Beria , V. G. Dekanozov , B. Z. Kobulov [72] , A. Z. Kobulov , V. N. Merkulov , L. E. Vlodzimirsky , S. A. Goglidze , A. Z. Meshik , L. L. Shvartsman , M. D. Ryumin , A. G. Leonov , V. I. Komarov , M. T. Likhachev , I. A. Chernov , Y. M. Broverman , S.F. Milstein , P.A. Sharia , S.S. Mamulov , B.V. Rhodes . Minister of State Security V. S. Abakumov (1946-1951) was arrested under Stalin, but executed after his death [73] .

Assessment of specialists

Doctor of Historical Sciences A.V. Bakunin believes that the deportation of peoples was a monstrous crime of Stalin's totalitarianism. He also notes that the action was illegal and carried out without trial. The peoples were deprived of national statehood and relocated to adverse and extreme conditions, finding themselves without housing and normal material support. Most of the special migrants, regardless of age, were sent for hard physical work (mines, lumbering, and others), and also found themselves in the conditions of a socio-psychological blockade of state bodies that propagandize among the population class hatred for migrants as “enemies of the people” [74] .

Analyzing the consequences of wartime deportations, the doctor of historical sciences N. F. Bugai notes [75] [76] :

 ... first of all, a noticeable blow was dealt to the friendship of peoples, internationalism, the conquests of the Great October Revolution. In the 1940s the policies of Stalin and his henchmen dealt a blow to internationalism. Resettlement, which led to huge human, moral, and political losses, contradicted all the principles of Leninist national politics. The culture of peoples suffered significant damage, difficulties arose in Soviet and party building, the authority of the Soviets as state authorities fell, the principles of national-state construction were deformed, the sovereignty of the republics and autonomous regions was violated, the rights of peoples to their free development were violated 

However, despite the fact that most researchers negatively assess the ethnic deportations carried out during the war during the war, another point of view can be distinguished in modern historiography [76] .

The writer and demographer O. A. Platonov categorically states that deportation was a military necessity due to the fact that a “significant part” of the deported peoples (Germans of the Volga region, the peoples of Kalmykia, Chechen-Ingushetia, Karachai, Balkaria and others) were recruited and actively cooperated with German troops [77] .

Memory

  • March 8 - is the Memorial Day of the victims of the deportation of the Balkar people [78] .
  • March 28 - Day of the revival of the Balkarian people [79] [80]
  • On March 8, 2002, a Memorial to the victims of repression of the Balkar people was opened in Nalchik [81] [82]

In Culture

Movies

  • The Road to the Edge of Life, 1995, feature film. dir. Ruben Muradyan [83] .
  • Standing, 2014, documentary. dir. Daniel Kaygermazov. shot by mat. Temukueva B. B. [84]

See also

  • Deportations of peoples to the USSR
  • Balkarians
  • Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
  • Kabardino-Balkaria
  • History of Kabardino-Balkaria
  • Special settler

Notes

  1. ↑ "By decision of the Government of the USSR—": deportation of peoples: documents and materials . - El-Fa, 2003 .-- 936 p.
  2. ↑ Boris Pavlovich Kurashvili. The historical logic of Stalinism . - Bylina, 1996 .-- 292 p. - ISBN 9785885281256 .
  3. ↑ 1 2 3 Khadzhi-Murat Alekseevich Sabanchiev. They were banished forever: the deportation and rehabilitation of the Balkar people . - Elbrus, 2004 .-- 164 p.
  4. ↑ 1 2 S.I. Akkieva, Nikolai Fedorovich Bugai, Institute of Russian History (Russian Academy of Sciences). They fought for their homeland: representatives of the repressed peoples of the USSR on the fronts of World War II: a chronicle book . - New Chronograph, 2005 .-- 376 p.
  5. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Pavel POLYAN "Not of one's own free will: The history and geography of forced migrations in the USSR" (neopr.) . www.memo.ru. Date of treatment August 3, 2016.
  6. ↑ Vladimir Gennadievich Schneider. Soviet nation-building in the North Caucasus, 1917-late 1950s: patterns and contradictions: a monograph . - Armavir State Pedagogical University., 2007. - 420 p.
  7. ↑ Cities of military glory that received this honorary title for the courage, steadfastness and heroism of the inhabitants, manifested in the struggle for freedom and independence of the Fatherland (Neopr.) . pobeda.poklonnayagora.ru. Date of treatment August 11, 2016.
  8. ↑ CENTRAL ASIA and THE CAUCASUS. CA&CC Press® AB (neopr.) . www.ca-c.org. Date of appeal May 14, 2017.
  9. ↑ Deportation of the Balkars , Caucasian Knot . Date of appeal May 14, 2017.
  10. ↑ 1 2 3 4 Sabanchiev H.-M. A. Eviction of the Balkarian people during the Great Patriotic War: causes and consequences (neopr.) .
  11. ↑ Sarakhov A.A. Gulag Island. - Maykop, 2004 .-- 355 p. - ISBN 5-7992-0304-6 .
  12. ↑ 1 2 Sabanchiev, H.-M. A. Eviction of the Balkarian people during the Great Patriotic War: causes and consequences (neopr.) .
  13. ↑ 1 2 3 4 Deportation of peoples // Nikolai Bugay (Neopr.) . scepsis.ru.
  14. ↑ 1 2 3 4 Shabaev D.V. The truth about the eviction of the Balkars. - Nalchik: Elbrus, 1992. - S. 280. - ISBN 5-7680-0690-7 .
  15. ↑ Historical Bulletin . - GP KBR "Republican Printing Plant named after Revolution of 1905", 2006. - 1106 p.
  16. ↑ "By decision of the Government of the USSR—": deportation of peoples: documents and materials . - El-Fa, 2003 .-- 936 p.
  17. ↑ Joseph Stalin - Lavrentiy Beria: “They Must Be Deported”: documents, facts, comments . - Friendship of Peoples, 1992. - 286 p. - ISBN 9785285000495 .
  18. ↑ 1 2 Telegram from the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs to L.P. Beria to I.V. Stalin on the expediency of the operation to relocate the Balkars (neopr.) . www.alexanderyakovlev.org. Date of treatment January 17, 2017.
  19. ↑ Alexey Bezgolny, Nikolai Bugay, Eugene Krinko. Highlanders of the North Caucasus in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. Problems of history, historiography and source study . - Litres, 2017-01-12. - 552 s. - ISBN 5457078701 .
  20. ↑ 1 2 3 Order of the NKVD No. 00186s / s “On measures to evict the Balkarian population from the Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic” (neopr.) . www.alexanderyakovlev.org. Date of treatment August 16, 2016.
  21. ↑ 1 2 Temukuev, Boris Biyazurkaevich - Special resettlers [Text : in 3 books. - Search RSL] (unspecified) . search.rsl.ru. Date of treatment August 3, 2016.
  22. ↑ Dyachenko, L.N. Deportation of the peoples of the North Caucasus during the Great Patriotic War // Bulletin of the Tula State University. Humanitarian sciences. - 2013-01-01. - Vol. 1 . - ISSN 2071-6141 .
  23. ↑ Amir Akhmadov. Chechen cross. (unspecified) . www.memo.ru. Date of treatment August 16, 2016.
  24. ↑ Nikolai Fedorovich Bugai. L. Beria - And. To Stalin: "According to your instructions--" . - AIRO-20, 1995 .-- 328 p. - ISBN 9785887350196 .
  25. ↑ Nikolai Fedorovich Bugai. L. Beria - And. To Stalin: "According to your instructions--" . - AIRO-20, 1995 .-- 328 p. - ISBN 9785887350196 .
  26. ↑ Hadji Murad Alekseevich Sabanchiev. They were banished forever: the deportation and rehabilitation of the Balkar people . - Elbrus, 2004 .-- 164 p.
  27. ↑ Joseph Stalin - Lavrentiy Beria: “They Must Be Deported”: documents, facts, comments . - Friendship of Peoples, 1992-01-01. — 286 с. — ISBN 9785285000495 .
  28. ↑ Докладная записка наркома внутренних дел Л.П. Берии И.В. Сталину об окончании операции по выселению балкарцев из Кабардино-Балкарской АССР (неопр.) . www.alexanderyakovlev.org.
  29. ↑ Борис Биязуркаевич Темукуев. Спецпереселенцы . — Изд-во М. и В. Котляровых, 2009-01-01. — 525 с. — ISBN 9785936802591 .
  30. ↑ М. Н. Кубанова, Карачаево-Черкесский государственный университет. Репрессированные народы--история и современность: материалы республиканской научной конференции 30-31 октября 2003 г . — Карачаево-Черкесский гос. университет, 2003-01-01. — 148 с.
  31. ↑ Б. Б. Боромангнаев. Вклад репрессированных народов СССР в Победу в Великой Отечественной войне 1941-1945 гг: монография . — Джангар, 2010. — 586 с.
  32. ↑ Vladimir Mikhaĭlovich Ploskikh, LN Dʹi͡achenko. Deportat͡sii͡a i reabilitat͡sii͡a narodov v SSSR v 20-80-e gody XX veka: istoricheskie uroki : materialy mezhdunarodnoĭ nauchno-prakticheskoĭ konferent͡sii, 3-7 dekabri͡a 2010 g . — Kyrgyzsko-rossiĭskiĭ slavi︠a︡nskiĭ universitet, 2010. — 238 с.
  33. ↑ Указ Президиума ВС СССР от 8.04.1944 о переселении балкарцев, проживающих в Кабардино-Балкарской АССР ... — Викитека (неопр.) . ru.wikisource.org. Дата обращения 17 августа 2016.
  34. ↑ 1 2 Указ Президиума ВС СССР от 08.04.1944 (неопр.) . www.libussr.ru. Дата обращения 16 августа 2016.
  35. ↑ 1 2 3 Архипова Екатерина Владимировна. Изменения российско-грузинской границы в 1944-1957 годах: объективные и субъективные факторы в процессе принятие решений // Вестник Волгоградского государственного университета . Серия 4: История. Регионоведение. Международные отношения. — 2006. — Вып. 11 . — ISSN 1998-9938 .
  36. ↑ Докладная записка заместителя наркома внутренних дел В.В. Чернышева наркому внутренних дел Л.П. Берии о принятых мерах по выполнению постановления ГОКО №5309сс о выселении балкарцев из Кабардино-Балкарской АССР (неопр.) . www.alexanderyakovlev.org. Дата обращения 16 августа 2016.
  37. ↑ Указ ПВС № 123/12 «Об уголовной ответственности за побеги из мест обязательного постоянного поселения лиц, выселенных в отдаленные районы Советского Союза в период Отечественной войны» (неопр.) . www.alexanderyakovlev.org. Date accessed August 21, 2016.
  38. ↑ [ http://www.memorial.krsk.ru/DOKUMENT/USSR/481126.htm Указ Президиума Верховного Совета СССР 26 ноября 1948 г.] (неопр.) . www.memorial.krsk.ru. Дата обращения 16 августа 2016.
  39. ↑ Из докладной записки наркома внутренних дел Киргизской ССР А. А. Пчелкина наркому внутренних дел СССР Л. П. Берии о приеме и расселении спецпереселенцев: чеченцев, ингушей и балкарцев в Киргизской ССР (неопр.) . stalinism.ru.
  40. ↑ Докладная записка начальника Отдела спецпоселений НКВД СССР М.В.Кузнецова заместителю наркома внутренних дел СССР В.В.Чернышову об окончании приема и разгрузки эшелонов со спецпоселенцами-балкарцами в Казахстане и Киргизии (неопр.) . stalinism.ru.
  41. ↑ Сабанчиев, Хаджи-Мурат Алексеевич - Депортация, жизнь в ссылке и реабилитация балкарского народа : 1940-е - начало XXI в. : автореферат дис. ... доктора исторических наук : 07.00.02 - Search RSL (рус.) . search.rsl.ru. Дата обращения 20 мая 2017.
  42. ↑ Эдиев Далхат Мурадинович | Северо-Кавказская государственная гуманитарно-технологическая академия | СевКавГГТА (неопр.) . www.kchgta.ru. Дата обращения 16 августа 2016.
  43. ↑ Далхат Эдиев: Демографические потери депортированных народов СССР - ПОЛИТ.РУ (неопр.) . polit.ru. Дата обращения 15 августа 2016.
  44. ↑ Демографические потери депортированных народов СССР | ISBN 595960020 | SC_Library (неопр.) . library.sakharov-center.ru. Дата обращения 16 августа 2016.
  45. ↑ Министр внутренних дел СССР С. КРУГЛОВ. Докладная записка МВД СССР о работе в местах расселения выселенцев и спецпоселенцев (неопр.) (20 июля 1949 г.).
  46. ↑ Обращение наркома внутренних дел Л.П. Берии к заместителю председателя СНК В.М. Молотову относительно обучения детей спецпереселенцев (неопр.) . www.alexanderyakovlev.org. Дата обращения 14 июля 2017.
  47. ↑ Шнайдер В. Г. Советская национальная политика и народы Северного Кавказа в 1940–1950-е гг. . — Directmedia, 2015-04-27. — 237 с. — ISBN 9785447540418 .
  48. ↑ Указ Президиума Верховного Совета СССР «О снятии ограничений по спецпоселению с крымских татар, балкарцев, турок — граждан СССР, курдов, хемшилов и членов их семей, выселенных в период Великой Отечественной войны» (неопр.) . www.memorial.krsk.ru. Дата обращения 19 августа 2016.
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  50. ↑ 1 2 3 Alim Tetuev. Тетуев А. И. Зарубежная диаспора карачаевцев и балкарцев: история и современность. – Нальчик: ООО «Печатный двор», 2016. - 192 с. (англ.) .
  51. ↑ Указ Президиума Верховного Совета СССР «О преобразовании Кабардинской АССР в Кабардино-Балкарскую АССР» (неопр.) . www.memorial.krsk.ru. Дата обращения 16 августа 2016.
  52. ↑ Алибегилов, Шамиль Абдулаевич. Государственные акты по вопросам политико-правовой реабилитации репрессированных народов Северного Кавказа // Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. Серия 9. Филология. Востоковедение. Журналистика. — 2011-01-01. - Vol. 3 . — ISSN 1813-1921 .
  53. ↑ Иосиф Сталин - Лаврентию Берии: 'Их надо депортировать': Документы, факты, комментарии / составление, послесловие Н. Бугай.. — Москва: Дружба народов, 1992. — С. 279-280. - 288 p. — ISBN 5-285-00049-1 .
  54. ↑ Декларация Верховного Совета СССР «О признании незаконными и преступными репрессивных актов против народов, подвергшихся насильственному переселению, и обеспечении их прав» (неопр.) . www.alexanderyakovlev.org. Дата обращения 19 августа 2016.
  55. ↑ 1 2 Николай Федорович Бугай. Реабилитация репрессированных граждан России: ХХ-начало XXI века : [книга-мониторинг ]. — МСНК-Пресс, 2006. — 472 с.
  56. ↑ Закон РСФСР от 26.04.1991 N 1107-I "О реабилитации репрессированных народов" (с изменениями и дополнениями) (неопр.) . base.garant.ru. Дата обращения 19 августа 2016.
  57. ↑ Закон "О реабилитации репрессированных народов" (1991) (неопр.) . Дата обращения 19 августа 2016.
  58. ↑ Николай Федорович Бугай, Аскарби Муаедович Гонов. Кавказ--народы в эшелонах: 20-60-е годы . — ИНСАН, 1998. — 376 с. — ISBN 9785858402954 .
  59. ↑ О социально-экономической поддержке балкарского народа (неопр.) . www.pravo.gov.ru. Дата обращения 19 августа 2016.
  60. ↑ О мерах по реабилитации балкарского народа и государственной поддержке его возрождения и развития (неопр.) . pravo.gov.ru. Дата обращения 14 мая 2017.
  61. ↑ С. И. Аккиева, Центр по изучению межнациональных отношений (Российская академия наук). Развитие этнополитической ситуации в Кабардино-Балкарской Республике . — Центр по изучению межнациональных отношений ИЭА РАН, 2002. — 456 с.
  62. ↑ Отечественная история . — Наука, 2008. — 692 с.
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  64. ↑ Николай Федорович Бугай, Валерий Алексеевич Михайлов. Реабилитация народов России . — ИНСАН, 2000. — 452 с.
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  66. ↑ Олег Николаевич Поболь. Сталинские депортации . — Международный фонд "Демократия", 2005. — 912 с.
  67. ↑ Указ Президиума ВС СССР «О награждении орденами и медалями работников НКВД и НКГБ» // Газета «Красная звезда». № 58 (5738), 9 марта 1944 г.
  68. ↑ Владимир Иванович Лобов. Военная элита России: советский период, 1917-1991. энциклопедический справочник . — Вече, 2010. — 568 с.
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  76. ↑ 1 2 Степанов, Михаил Геннадьевич. Депортация калмыков и северокавказских народов СССР в период Великой отечественной войны (1941-1945 годы): краткие историографические заметки // Вестник Челябинского государственного университета. — 2009-01-01. - Vol. 38 . — ISSN 1994-2796 .
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  80. ↑ Валерий Александрович Тишков, С. В. Чешко, Институт этнологии и антропологии им Н. Н. Миклухо-Маклая. Северный Кавказ: этнополитические и этнокультурные процессы в XX в . — Координ.-методич. центр прикл. этнографии Ин-та этнолигии и антропологии РАН, 1996. — 204 с.
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  83. ↑ Дорога на край жизни (неопр.) . FilmPRO. Дата обращения 19 сентября 2016.
  84. ↑ Художественно-документальный фильм о депортации балкарского народа "Устоявшие" (неопр.) . www.elbrusoid.org. Дата обращения 19 сентября 2016.

Literature

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  • Бугай Н. Ф., Гонов А. М.. Кавказ — народы в эшелонах: 20-60-е годы. — ИНСАН, 1998-01-01. — 376 с. — ISBN 9785858402954 .
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Links

  • Павел Полян. Не по своей воле… История и география принудительных миграций в СССР. Monograph
  • Депортация балкарцев, кабардинцев и других народов СССР
  • Темукуев Б. Б. Спецпереселенцы
  • Эдиев Д. М. Демографические потери депортированных народов СССР. — Ставрополь, 2003.
  • Николай Бугай. Депортация народов
  • Карта Северного Кавказа после депортации
  • Карта Северного Кавказа после депортации 2
  • Библиотека нормативно-правовых актов СССР
Источник — https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Депортация_балкарцев&oldid=102064196


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