Carolina Matilda British

Carolina Matilda was born July 22, 1751 (July 11 ^[1] old style) in , the London residence of the Prince of Wales, and was the youngest of nine children of Frederick, Prince of Wales and Augusta Saxe Gothic ^{[1] [5]} . Carolina Matilda was the granddaughter of the King of Great Britain George II and Carolina of Brandenburg-Ansbach on her father, and her mother was Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Goth-Altenburg , and Magdalena Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbskaya ; by mother, the princess was also the second cousin of Empress Catherine II . The girl’s father died a few months before the birth of Carolina Matilda ^{[6] [3]} . From birth to 1766, the princess was called Her Royal Highness Princess Carolina Matilda. The girl was baptized on August 1 at Leicester House by ; The baptism recipients were the young Prince of Wales, George, and Princess Augusta (sister of Carolina Matilda) and Carolina (her aunt), who was represented by proxy by another family member ^[7] .

Augusta Saxe-Gotha raised her children in a secluded family atmosphere away from the royal court and its strict etiquette. Due to these circumstances, the princess was not at all interested in politics and court intrigues ^[6] . The family spent most of the time in Leicester House, but on August holidays with the children went to . Carolina Matilda preferred outdoor games and horseback riding; however, the girl’s education was superficial and irregular ^[3] . Despite this, she was musically gifted, had a beautiful voice and sang well, and also spoke three languages ​​- Italian, French and German ^[8] .

In 1764, an agreement was reached between the Danish and British royal houses between the heir to the Danish throne, Prince Christian, and one of the British princesses. Christian was the son of King Frederick V and Louise of Great Britain and, thus, was Caroline Matilda's cousin: the princess’s father and Christian’s mother were siblings ^[3] . The choice of the British princess as the bride was partly due to the fact that the mother of Christian VII, deceased by that time, was very popular in Denmark. Initially, the elder sister of Carolina Matilda Louise Anna was considered the role of the future queen, however, she was notable for her poor health from birth, which was informed by the Danish delegate Count von Botmer, and therefore Caroline Matilda was chosen as the wife of the prince ^[9] . The upcoming marriage was announced on January 10, 1765 ^{[10] [3]} .

January 14, 1766, when preparations were still underway for the wedding, a seventeen-year-old Christian became king ^[6] . On October 1 of that year, a marriage ceremony was held in the royal chapel of St. James's Palace (according to another version - at Carleton House ^[1] ), at which the groom was represented by the princess’s brother, the Duke of York and Albany . Two days later, Carolina Matilda departed from Harwich to Rotterdam ; three weeks after sailing from England, the princess arrived in Altona , where she broke up with the British motorcade and was met by Danish courtiers. Twelve days later, Carolina Matilda arrived in Roskilde , where she met her future husband and was placed before the second marriage ceremony. The wedding ceremony in the presence of the bride and groom took place on November 8, 1766 in the royal chapel of the Christiansborg Palace in Copenhagen ^[3] . Marriage celebrations and balls lasted another month after the wedding. On May 1 of the following year, Carolina Matilda was crowned in Copenhagen ^[1] .

The young queen at the Danish court was described as a person of temperamental, bright and charming. Due to the slight puffiness, Caroline Matilda could not be called beautiful, but very attractive; her appearance allowed her to avoid criticizing women and, at the same time, attracting the attention of men. However, her natural and lively personality was not popular in a strict Danish court ^[8] , despite the fact that initially she was warmly received in Copenhagen; Carolina Matilda herself, having parted with a British escort in Alton, was practically alone in an environment that clearly did not suit her. In addition, Christian VII, weak-minded, selfish, and having mental problems ^{[k 1],} remained cold to his wife and was in no hurry to summarize the marriage ^[8] . The reason for this attitude to his wife on the part of Christian could be that the marriage was actually imposed on him by the courtiers, who believed that due to this the mental health of the young king would improve ^[3] ; in addition, some of the courtiers believed that Christian preferred men to women ^[8] . Despite the rumors about Christian's homosexuality, he had a mistress with whom he began a relationship in Holstein in the summer of 1766, and he often visited the courtesans of Copenhagen, among whom the most famous was ^[11] .

At the Danish court, the young queen became close to her bedside lady, , who considered the favorites of King and Enevold Brandt to be immoral individuals who wanted to distance Christian from their spouses. However, the proximity with von Plessen did not contribute to the rapprochement between Carolina Matilda and her husband: once, when he wanted to share a bed with his wife, Louise advised the queen to say that she was sick, which, in her opinion, should have kindled passion in the king, but this pushed him even more. Ultimately, Christian, on the advice of a mentor, shared a bed with his wife only for procreation, and after the birth of his son Frederick in January 1768 he returned to amusements in the capital’s brothels ^[8] .

Carolina Matilda, although she was not interested in politics, after the birth of the heir began to play one of the key roles in the court and opposition circles concentrated around her ^[12] . Her dislike of her husband's favorites led to the fact that in 1768 Holk secured the removal of the lady of the bed and the expulsion from the country of Louise von Plessen, thus depriving the young queen of the only close person in the Danish court who was able to keep Caroline Matilda from serious mistakes. May 6, 1768 Christian went on a long trip to Europe, leaving his wife and son in Copenhagen. In the absence of a spouse, Carolina Matilda was engaged in raising her son, and also walked around the city and established contacts with her neighbors ^[11] . The Queen’s walks were disapproving, as Danish noble women traditionally traveled around the city exclusively in carriages ^[8] . That summer, Carolina Matilda spent in the Frederiksborg Palace in Hillerode , then in the fall she returned to Copenhagen. At the same time, rumors spread about the Queen's relationship with a certain La Tour - an actor of the French-speaking theater Hofteatret . La Tour was the lover of the maid of honor of Carolina Matilda , but often received gifts from the queen herself and was said to actually visit the royal chambers for her, and not Eben. The relationship of the queen with La Tour was not proven, but upon the return of the king he was expelled from the country. In addition to Eiben, in the absence of Christian, Carolina Matilda’s circle of friends included , and ; all of them were known for their love affairs ^[13] .

Christian returned from travel in January 1769. Together with him, a German doctor Johann Friedrich Struenze arrived in Copenhagen, whom the king met in Alton at the beginning of the trip ^[14] . At that time, Christian's mental condition worsened, but Struenze, apparently, was able to cope with this, while gaining the trust of the king, the respect of parliament and the place of the royal doctor. In Copenhagen, Struenze began to actively participate in the political life of the country, but initially he did not plan to rely on the support of the queen - on the contrary, he believed that the king’s new ^{[k 2]} lover, which Struenze himself should choose, could become the best ally. His choice fell on the aristocrat ; she was well educated and intelligent, which, according to Johann Friedrich, could improve the king’s condition and facilitate the communication of the court with him. However, the venture failed due to Birgitta’s refusal, and the attempt to organize the king’s connection on the side set Karolina Matilda against Struenze ^[11] .

Later, in the summer of 1769, Carolina Matilda had edema and, at the insistence of her husband, she turned to Struenza for help. He advised the queen of entertainment and exercise as the best medicine; the advice of the royal physician helped Carolina Matilda, and she was imbued with confidence in him. Confidence was strengthened when Struenze successfully vaccinated Carolina Matilda's sick son against smallpox. The attraction that soon arose between the queen and Johann Friedrich amused the king, however, it was originally determined by the desire of Johann Friedrich to bring Christian and his wife closer. In January 1770, Struenze received rooms in the Christiansborg Palace . In 1770, the king became more and more passive and withdrawn, and he entrusted daily government affairs to Struenze, whom he infinitely trusted ^[11] .

By the spring of 1770, there was already a love relationship between the queen and the royal doctor ^[8] . Later, during the divorce of Carolina Matilda and Christian, the courtiers accompanying the queen reported that they suspected this connection back in late 1769. After that, for some time, the queen limited communication with Johann Friedrich, but this did not last long: by the summer of 1770, the whole capital knew about the proximity of Carolina Matilda and Struenze, and in the province where the court went in June, the lovers no longer lurked. While the royal couple traveled around Schleswig-Holstein with the court, Struenze embodied his ambitious plans. These plans included, among other things, Carolina Matilda: along with several supporters, Johann Friedrich managed to rid the queen of Holk and her other enemies, including the ruler of the dressing room of Carolina Matilda, sister of Holka, Madame von der Lue ^[11] .

In the summer of 1770, Carolina Matilda's mother, the Dowager Princess of Wales , visited the continent, where for many reasons she wanted to chat with her daughter. The meeting was originally scheduled in Braunschweig , but was moved to Luneburg ; Carolina Matilda and Augustus met in Luneburg no earlier than August 1770 and this meeting was their last ^{[k 3]} . Struenze was next to the Queen during this meeting, so the Princess of Wales could not do more than instruct Woodford, the British Minister of Lower Saxony , to convince Caroline Matilda for her behavior; however, neither Woodford nor the Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh , who visited his sister in Copenhagen the same year, were successful in this matter ^[11] .

The rest of the summer the court spent in the , where it became known about the fall of Chief Minister Bernstorff . His dismissal was the result of the intrigues of Struenze and, as many courtiers believed, Carolina Matilda; when in August Augusta Saxe-Gotha asked her daughter about these rumors, the queen stated that she herself would decide how to rule her in her country. Struenze began to quickly move up the career ladder: in December 1770 he became a re-master ; in July of the following year he entered the cabinet of ministers and it was announced that his orders were as valid as if they had been signed by the king; July 22 - the Queen’s birthday - Struenze declared counts of himself and his assistant Brandt ^[15] .

Having received virtually unlimited power, Struenze began to carry out a series of reforms, many of which were based on healthy, reasonable principles, but he carried them out without regard to anyone's interests and desires. All this led to the extreme unpopularity of Struenze and the emergence of a circle of ill-wishers, led by the Dowager Queen Julian Maria Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttelskaya and her son Frederick ^[16] . Carolina Matilda shared the unpopularity of her lover, partly because he publicly announced the Queen’s attitude towards him, partly because of support for his reforms ^[17] .

On June 17, 1771, the royal court departed for Hirschholm for the summer, where Carolina Matilda spent a perfect summer with her son and lover. By the time she left the capital, the queen was pregnant and on July 7, 1771 gave birth to a daughter, Louise Augusta , whom she chose to take care of herself. The birth of the princess at the court was greeted coldly, although the Dowager Queen was ready to become the godmother of Louise Augusta, if her mother had wished ^[17] . Christian recognized the newborn, however, the Queen’s scandalous behavior, as well as the girl’s outward resemblance to Struenze, made the courtiers think that he was her biological father ^[1] ; among themselves, the courtiers called the princess nothing more than "little Struenze" ^[8] . However, when the trial against the queen was ongoing, Louise Augusta was not mentioned in any document ^[16] ; Struenze earlier gave "satisfactory answers" about the circumstances of the birth of the princess ^[18] .

Soon after the birth of Louise Augusta, very bold accusations were made against the queen and her lover: rumors spread around the court and beyond that Carolina Matilda and Struenze were going to lock up the king and proclaim the queen as regent; these rumors were absurd in themselves, since the king was more a defense than an obstacle to lovers. By the end of 1771, lovers began to worry, and Carolina Matilda suspected that the king's stepmother, Julian Maria, was plotting against her and Struenze. In October, Struenze believed that it was necessary to abolish freedom of the press, which was one of his most striking reforms ^[16] . Then, driven by suspicion to almost despair, Johann Friedrich rushed to the Queen’s feet, begging her to let him leave the country, for their common good, but Carolina Matilda refused to let him go. At the same time, he admitted to one of his close associates that only thanks to the support of the queen he retains his post. On November 30, the courtyard moved to Frederiksberg Palace , where security measures were increased by order of Struenze. Then, the order on the dissolution of the guard led to the fact that on Christmas Eve the military marched to Frederiksberg, and it became clear to the court what the real mood of the people was. At the same time, there were rumors that British diplomat offering Struenza a large sum of money if he left the country, but there was no documentary evidence of this ^[17] .

The courtyard returned to Copenhagen on January 8, 1772. At this point, Johann Friedrich and Carolina Matilda were already on the verge of destruction. In early January, a former supporter of Struenze , unhappy with his fate and the fact that Struenze does not accept his political views, decided to overthrow the favorite. He provided the Dowager Queen Juliana Maria, who over the course of the summer monitored the affairs of Fredensborg , where she lived in solitude with her son, fake evidence that the lovers were about to overthrow the king, which prompted Juliana Maria to plot. ^[16] Details of the case were agreed on January 15 at the Dowager Queen’s palace, and the execution of the plot was scheduled for the night of January 16-17 after the end of the masquerade ball in Christiansborg . And although Rantzau doubted at the last moment, everything went according to plan: at the appointed time, Struenze, Brandt and their accomplices (both actual and alleged) were arrested ^[19] .

That same night, the queen with cynical cruelty was captured by Rantzau and, together with her little daughter, was hastily escorted by soldiers to the Kronborg castle prison near Helsingor ^[16] , where she was locked up in guards. As they later said at the court, on the evening of January 17, Carolina Matilda saw from a window in the distance of Copenhagen, in which a festive illumination was lit in honor of the fall of the Queen. In Kronborg, only Kate visited the queen, and her little daughter brightened up loneliness ^[18] . The queen’s conclusion was necessary to overthrow Struenze: although he gained power not because of his connection with Carolina Matilda, but because of his influence on the sick king, the queen was a powerful ally of Johann Friedrich, so she had to be removed simultaneously with him ^[16] .

The interrogation of Struenze began on February 20, but he made a confession of “criminal familiarity” with respect to the queen no earlier than three days after that. In the future, Johann Friedrich tried to shift as much responsibility as possible for adultery on Carolina Matilda. At the same time, there was an interrogation of the main political accomplice of Struenze, Evenland Brandt, who said that Johann Friedrich confessed to him his crimes. After the recognition of Struenze, a commission of four was sent to the queen. At their first visit, probably on Keith’s advice, Carolina Matilda refused to say anything, saying that she “does not recognize anyone’s court except the court of the king” ^[18] . In subsequent commission visits, the Queen began to deny communication with Johann Friedrich in order to save him. ^[8] On March 9, Carolina Matilda was presented with a confession signed by Struenze; the queen also signed a confession and took most of the blame on herself, hoping, thus, to mitigate the fate of her lover ^[18] .

On March 24, an indictment against the queen was presented to a court consisting of thirty-five representatives of the nobility; On April 2, she was provided with a lawyer who stated that the queen was innocent, and confessed under pressure ^[8] and solely for the defense of Struenze ^[18] . The court decision was made on April 6 ^[1] and was brought to the attention of the Queen two days later: the marriage of Carolina Matilda with Christian VII was declared invalid ^[5] , although there were no dynastic or moral reasons for this ^[16] ; in addition, the name of the former queen was no longer mentioned during services. Struenze and Brandt were sentenced to execution on April 28th. As Carolina Matilda later recalled, once again locked up in Kronborg, she intuitively knew about the death of her lover ^[18] .

In Britain, the news of the arrest of Carolina Matilda was received with great excitement. After the divorce of Carolina Matilda, by order of George III, Robert Murray Kate began negotiations on her release ^[20] , but did not succeed. At the same time, George III was presented with conclusive evidence of his sister’s guilt, and it was reported that Carolina Matilda could no longer remain at the Danish court. According to the decision of the party that came to power after the death of Struenze, the former queen was to be exiled to Aalborg in Northern Jutland , but the British court was categorically against this and even threatened to break off diplomatic relations and military intervention ^[16] . A British squadron advanced to the shores of Copenhagen, but a few hours before her arrival, George III was informed that the Danish government guaranteed freedom to the Queen ^[21] . Keith also managed to secure the return of the dowry ^[16] , the retirement of Caroline Matilda and the right to retain her royal title ^[21] .

By May 1772, the British and Danish governments managed to solve the question of the residence of Carolina Matilda - at the suggestion of George III, the castle of Celle in Hanover was to become the new residence of his “criminal sister” ^[16] . On May 3, the former queen, accompanied by Keith and a delegation of Danish nobles in two frigates and one sloop, departed from Helsingor ; Carolina Matilda’s children, including “little Struenze”, remained in Copenhagen and never saw their mother again. In Stade , where Carolina Matilda arrived on June 5, and where a Danish escort left her, the former queen was met with a magnificent ceremony, and the next day she organized a reception. From Stade, Carolina Matilda went to Goerde , where the Elector’s hunting estate was located and where she stayed for several months, after which she finally went to Celle. October 20, 1772 Carolina Matilda made a ceremonial entry into the city, where a proper courtyard had already been organized for her; she rarely left the city and most often made official visits to Hanover ^[21] .

Carolina Matilda's life in Celle was very calm. Here she finally reunited with her beloved maid of honor Louise von Plessen. The former queen was often visited by numerous relatives and friends, among whom was her sister Augusta , who, as many contemporaries believed, was put by George III to her younger sister to look after her. The main entertainment of Carolina Matilda in Celle was a small theater, which was built specifically for her in the castle, as well as numerous books in German and English. Kate, who visited Carolina Matilda in November 1772, later informed Lord Suffolk that he found her in a happy mood and did not want to have any connections with the Danish court, except those that directly related to the well-being of her children ^[21] .

Although Carolina Matilda was no longer a queen, she still played an important role in Danish politics, as she was the mother of the heir to the Danish throne ^[16] . In September 1774, she was visited by traveler and adventurer ; on this visit he collected a large amount of information about the life of Carolina Matilda in Denmark, which later formed the basis of his memoirs. He returned in October already as a secret agent of the Danish nobles, exiled to Hamburg, and the Copenhagen opposition, longing for the changes that were supposed to restore Caroline Matilda to the throne ^[21] . The former queen was not controlled from Copenhagen, so she was ready to act, but only with the consent of her royal brother. In addition, she feared for the lives of her children. George III was ready to support his sister and the plan of the conspirators, but on condition that before acting, the latter would gain sufficient strength in their homeland ^[22] . Roxell visited Caroline Matilda three more times and discussed the details of the plan with her; then he went to London, where he was going to discuss the plan with George III ^[21] . Together with him, Carolina Matilda sent her brother a letter in which she asked for more support from the UK ^[22] “for the happiness of her son” ^[8] . Waiting for the king’s audience in London, Roxell learned of the death of Carolina Matilda ^[21] .

Carolina Matilda suddenly died of scarlet fever 10 ^{[4] [7] [8]} or May 11 ^[21] 1775 ^{[23] [5]} . While on her deathbed, she wrote a letter to her brother, in which she spoke of her innocence. Carolina Matilda was buried in the crypt of the city ​​church of St. Mary in Celle, next to her great-grandmother Sofia Dorothea Braunschweig-Zell , who, like Carolina Matilda, was divorced and exiled to Celle ^[24] .

January 29, 1771 in honor of the birthday of his wife Caroline Matilda established the Order of her name . The order had one class, and was intended to reward members of the royal family and their closest associates. The badge of the order was a monogram "M", framed by a circle of precious stones, and branches covered with green enamel. The ribbon of the order was pink with three silver stripes. Men wore the order on a ribbon around their neck, ladies - with a bow on their chest. The charter of the order consisted of seven articles, and was written in French. Presentation of the order took place once, on the same day, at a dinner in honor of the king’s birthday: twelve people received it, among whom were Carolina Matilda herself, Struenze, Christian, the widowed Queen Julian Maria, half-brother of King Frederick, as well as close friends of Struenze . After the coup of 1772, as a result of which Struenze was executed, and Carolina Matilda divorced and expelled from the country, the de facto power passed to the party of the Dowager Queen, and the order was abolished ^[25] .

In art

The love triangle of Christian VII, Carolina Matilda and Struenze is dedicated to the scene by the Danish artist Christian Zartmann "The scene at the court of Christian VII" (1873). The painting is currently part of the Den Hirschsprungske Samling Museum in Copenhagen , Denmark ^[26] . There were at least three copyright copies of this picture; Zartman’s sketches for the images of the queen and the royal physician were also preserved ^[27] .

The picture shows the queen and Struenze while away from the game of chess, while the king teases the parrot, which is a traditional symbol of voluptuousness and frivolity. Carolina Matilda reflects on the move in the party, Struenze stares intently at the queen; noticeably hidden psychological tension in the relations between the characters, which should lead to a bloody denouement. In a woman standing at a table with a chessboard and looking displeased at the queen and her lover, we can assume the stepmother of King Julian Maria Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel. The Danish royal court, learning about the plot, warned the artist that he should be extremely careful in interpreting the events, since the picture could offend the feelings of the royal family and discredit it in the eyes of the subjects. The dissatisfaction of the court itself aroused the image of the king cheekily lounging on the sofa. All this caused serious concern for the artist. When he later found out that someone who did not want to reveal his name was considering buying a painting for a very substantial amount of money, he decided that this would be done only to hide the painting from the public. He thanked for the interest in the picture, but declared a firm "no" to the buyer ^[28] .

Carolina Matilda is also dedicated to the compilation Sei Ariette Italiane composte e dedicate a SAR Carolina Principessa Reale de Danimarca e Norvegiaa , authored by composer Giovanni Battista Piantanida ^[29] , and the Peter Maxwell Davis .

In popular culture

Carolina Matilda is one of the key characters in several films: (1935; played by Madeline Carroll ) ^[30] , “Ruler without a crown” ^{[k 4]} (1957; played by Odile Versois ) ^[31] and “The Royal Novel ” (2012; the role was played by Alicia Vikander ) ^[32] .

Also, Carolina Matilda is the protagonist of several novels: “Queen's Favorite” by (1935) ^[33] , “Queen's Physician” by Edgar Maas (1948) ^[34] , “Carolina Matilda” by JV Blackstone (1955) ^{[ 35]} , “The Forgotten Queen” by Nora Lofts (1969) ^[36] , “ Doctor ” by Peer Ulov Enquist (1999) ^[37] and “The Blood Princess” (2000) ^{[ 38]} .

The coat of arms of Carolina Matilda consists of the coat of arms of her husband King Christian VII and the royal coat of arms of Great Britain (Hanover dynasty). The coat of arms is covered with a robe of scarlet velvet on ermine fur, crowned by the Danish royal crown. Above the shield is a golden helmet with a crest in the form of the Danish royal crown with a silver-scarlet mark.

On the right is the Danish royal coat of arms. The shield is four-part, divided by a silver cross on a scarlet background ( Dannebrog ); in the first part, in a golden field, there are three crowned azure leopard lions [walking lions on guard] armed with a scarlet and surrounded by scarlet hearts (Denmark); in the second part, in a scarlet field, a golden, crowned and armed with gold lion holding a silver halberd with a golden pole in his forepaws (Norway); in the third part in two: at the top there are three golden crowns in the azure field (Kalmar Union), at the bottom there are two azure leopards [walking lions on guard] in the golden field, armed with a red one above the other (Schleswig); in the fourth part in two: at the top there is a azure leopard [walking lion on guard] in the golden field, armed with a scarlet and sneaking across nine scarlet hearts (the Kingdom is ready), below - a golden dragon crowned with gold (Kingdom of Vandals) in a scarlet field. The shield is burdened with a three-part shield, on top of which there is a dissected shield (on the left there are two scarlet belts in the golden field [Oldenburgs], on the right there is the golden cross [Delmenhorst] in the azure field); in the first part, in the scarlet field, a crossed shield (silver - at the top, scarlet - at the bottom), surrounded by parts of the nettle leaf (Holstein); in the second part, in a scarlet field, a silver swan crowned with a gold crown like a collar (Stormarn); in the third part, in a scarlet field, a silver horseman in armor on a silver horse with a sword of the same metal raised in his right hand above his head, in his left hand a laser shield with a golden double cross, a saddle and reins of azure, a hilt of a sword, stirrups, harness joints and others details - gold ( Pursuit ) ^[39] .

On the left is the British royal coat of arms of the Hanover dynasty. Four-part shield. In the first part, the combination is side by side: on the right in the scarlet field - three golden leopards armed with azure [walking the lion on guard], one above the other [England]; to the left in a golden field is a scarlet, azure armed uprising lion, surrounded by a double, prosperous and anti-flourishing inner border [Scotland]; in the second part - in the azure field, three golden lilies [royal coat of arms of France]; in the third part, a harp in gold with silver strings in an azure field [Ireland]; in the fourth part, the coat of arms of the Electors of Hanover (in a three-part shield, a scarlet shield with a golden crown of Charlemagne [distinctive sign of the treasurer of the Holy Roman Empire, the post held by the ancestors of King George II]: in the first part - two golden azure leopards [walking lions on guard], one above the other [Braunschweig]; in the second part, in a gold field sown with scarlet hearts, a azure lion armed with a scarlet [Luneburg]; in the third part, in a scarlet field a silver running horse [Westphalia])) ^[40] .

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