Karmelyuk, Ustim Yakimovich

The serf peasant Ustim Karmanyuk (Karmalyuk) was born in February-March 1787 in the village of Golovchintsy of the Barskoy elder ( Ukr Barske elder ) Letichevskogo povet Podolsk voivodship of the Lesser Poland province ( Polish. Prowincja małopolska ) Crown Kingdom of the Polish Commonwealth (now the village of Karmalu Ukrainian Karmalyukіvska sylska Rada ( Zhmerynsky district ) ) Zhmerynsky district of Vinnitsa region of Ukraine ).

He was baptized with the name Savastiyan on February 27 ( March 10 ), 1787 in the Holy Pokrovsky (Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos) church with. Golovchintsy. The date of baptism is considered to be the date of birth, although it could happen a few days after birth. Over the years, it has been recorded in metric books with different similar names: February 27 ( March 10 ) 1787 - “Savastiyan”; January 28 ( February 9 ) 1806 - Ustiyan, November 8 ( 20 ) 1806 - Ustiyan, 18O8 - Augustine, June 4 ( 16 ) 1810 - Iustiyan, January 24 ( February 5 ) 1811 - Sevastiyan ”, February 24 ( March 7 ) 1812 -“ Augustine ”, May 8 ( 20 ), 1815 -“ Sevastiyan ”, February 25 ( March 9 ) 1821 -“ Augustine ” ^[1] .

He was literate and understood Russian, Polish and Yiddish.

At the age of 17, he was taken to the court of Mr. Piglovsky. In 1806-1811, the courtyard man of the landowner Andrei-Joseph Piglovsky. Karmalyuk did not reciprocate with the rescue of Mrs. Rosalia saved from death (horses harnessed to the chaise were carried, but Karmalyuk managed to stop the animals), and as a result, the tycoon and his wife were furious (of course, for various reasons). Karmalyuk was beaten with whips ^[2] .

In 1811, the landowner recorded Ustim in recruits. Suspicion of theft of silver was already falling on him. Therefore, he was detained. Ustim fled. In order not to join the army, and then the service lasted 25 years, Karmalyuk, detained in Peglovsky’s economy, made his first escape. A little later, he appeared again - without two front lower teeth: he knocked them out himself, hoping to avoid recruitment ^[3] .

Only in 1812 Karmalyuk was “shaved” and he became a recruit of the imperial army. He served in the 4th Ukrainian Cossack regiment (commander - Major D. I. Minitsky) of the Ukrainian Cossack army, which was stationed in Kamenetz-Podolsky (on October 26, 1816, the Ukrainian Cossack army was reorganized into the Ukrainian Lancers Division, and the regiments into Ukrainian Lancers) )

In 1813 he deserted from the regiment. He was hiding in the woods with his cousin Nikita Udodov (Udodyuk), who also avoided recruitment. There they met with a peasant from the neighboring village of Dubovoy Ivan Tkachuk and with his brother-in-law Karmalyuk, deserter Danila Chron. The Karmalyukova cave was preserved in the Skala tract, which at that time served as a home for the fugitives. In March, they attacked in a. Dubov on the rural rich Fedor Shevchuk and Ivan Salo (he died a few days after the torture). In June, they burned the distillery of the landowner Piglovsky, and the landowner was beaten in public by the bats. Soon they were caught. A military court commission punished them with 500 blows of gauntlets and again sent them to serve in the Crimea. On the way to the battalion, Karmalyuk and Khron fled from custody.

In 1814-1817, his detachment operated in the Letichevsky , Litinsky and Olgopol counties of the Podolsk province . In January 1817 he was captured and delivered to Kamenetz-Podolsky. During the investigation, Karmalyuk and Chron for a long time denied accusations, and especially from the murder of I. Sal. However, guilt has been proven. In September 1818, a military court at Kamenetz-Podolsky Ordinance House sentenced Karmalyuk to death . The Podolsk military governor Bakhmetyev replaced the execution with 25 lashes, branding and exile in the Irkutsk province for 10 years of hard labor.

In December 1818, during the transfer, Karmalyuk managed to escape from the Vyatka transit prison. Returning to Podillia in the spring of 1819, he continued the struggle. In 1821, he attacked the economy of the landowner Poplinskaya. In February 1822, his victim was a wealthy farmer Pavel Opalovsky, Karmalyuk’s detachment took 2,000 gold and four horses, and Opalovsky died from wounds ^[4] .

In the fall of 1822, Ustim Karmalyuk, intending to live a quiet family life, wanted to move to the Black Sea steppes, however, his wife Maria was against their departure from her native village. Karmalyuk attacked the gentry Leska Basilitsky. Shlyakhtich Ostrovsky - the economist of the village of Komarovtsy was tracked by the detachment of Karmalyuk, the next day Ostrovsky, led by 20 foot and 15 horsemen with 5 guns, pursued the detachment of Karmalyuk, then reinforcements came to Ostrovsky - 40 people with several guns, led by Feliks Stanislavsky. They Karmalyuk sold captured in with. Halusins. Ustim shackled was taken to Litin .

During the investigation, pretended to be the Austro-Hungarian deserter soldier Vasily Gavrilenko, who was originally from Galicia (or the Galich district of the Kostroma province ). There was a confrontation with his wife and sons: the eldest Ivan from his first marriage, eight-year-old Ostap and five-year-old Ivan. “The first of them repeated his testimony, and the last, kissing his father’s hands and face, claimed that he was in fact their father ... Karmalyuk refuses, repeating that he is not their father, single, that he is not Ustim Karmalyuk, but Vasily Gavrilenko. "

After being imprisoned in the Kamenetz-Podolsk fortress, Karmalyuk, together with other prisoners, organized his fourth escape. March 12, 1823, while trying to escape, he was wounded, then captured and chained to a stone pillar in the tower of Julius II (Papal, later called Karmalyukova).

In the whole of 1813-1822, the victims were mostly peasants (24 documented cases: 15 thefts, nine robberies, arson, murder), Jewish tenants and korchmari. Shlyahtichi suffered from only one attack and two arsons. A total of 35 criminal acts were recorded. 13 people took a direct part in them, attacks were usually carried out by three or four people.

In April 1823, on Kamenetz Maidan, Karmalyuk "was punished with the 101st whip, he again burned the stigma on his forehead, and then was sent to eternal hard labor in Siberia." Karmalyuk’s wife “was punished with rods on the square in the city of Litin and four-week arrest” for harboring her husband. The next two years Karmalyuk, along with other convicts, spent on foot escorting to Tobolsk . In 1825 he was transferred from Tobolsk prison to Yalutorovsk . Soon he again fled, but was captured and sentenced to even more severe conditions of detention.

The next escape is one of the most famous documented cases. In the autumn of 1825, during a night storm, Karmalyuk broke down the bars, gathered the shirts of all his cellmates and tied them into a long rope. At the end of the rope he tied a stone and threw it over the prison picket fence. With the help of this suspension bridge, all the convicts ran one after another directly from the window behind the fence - by morning the cell was empty.

He reached Podillia in the spring of 1826. He carried out a series of attacks on the innkeepers and landowners. For half a year in the vicinity of Bar , where Karmalyuk hunted, 2,000 oxen and 400 horses were stolen, not counting household items and clothes. Korchmari bought up cheap things, and then resold them using their connections. They took a fox fur coat from robbers at 4 zloty, a horse at 2 rubles. And for the ox was given 10 zlotys. Vasily Dobrovolsky was a tenant of a tavern under the forest in the fields of the village of Khodak, and his wife became Karmalyuk's mistress.

In June 1827, due to the betrayal of the gentry Anthony Olshevsky, Karmalyuk and his associates Vasily Dobrovolsky and Ilk Skotinchuk were captured by the landowner Felix Yanchevsky in the village. Calnie-Derazhnya. The nobility was helped by local peasants, whom the tied Karmalyuk shouted in despair: “Why don’t you bind them (that is, the lords) for oppressing you?” This is the only statement recorded in documentary sources that can be interpreted as a call to fight landlords. A military team of 50 soldiers delivered the shackled people's avenger in the city of Letichev.

In early December 1827, Ustim was transferred from Letichevsky prison to Litinskaya, where the investigation was continued. There was an attempt to escape and riot in prison in December 1827. The riot was caused by the refusal of the prison authorities to allow Karmalyuk a meeting with her lover Maria (or Magdalena) Dobrovolskaya, who was sitting here. He broke the door and went to his mistress. And when she was transferred to the guardhouse, he began to incite the prisoners to rebellion. Having not received support, he took the daily ration of bread from them and barricaded himself with two accomplices. On the fourth day, the rebels resigned: Vasily Dobrovolsky (Maria’s husband) and Sotnichuk were shackled, and Karmalyuk, contrary to the official ban, was chained “to a chain in a cell in a cell”.

In March 1828, Karmalyuk was sentenced by the main Podolsky court to be punished with the 101st whip, Skotinchuk and Dobrovolsky - 50 strokes, Dobrovolskaya - 25. And to all - life imprisonment. 180 less guilty were sent to soldiers or exiled to Siberia, and the rest were simply flogged, including the gentry Olshevsky. Karmalyuk was sent to the Borovlyansky convict distillery (since 1830 - a glass factory) in the Kurgan district of the Tobolsk province (now in the Borovlyansky village council of the Belozersky district of the Kurgan region ). In 1829 he escaped.

In January 1830 he was detained in Nizhyn "for lack of a written form." Believing that he was a deserter, Pavel Bogdanov was punished in the Yekaterinoslav Ordinance House with 100 gauntlets, then sent to military service in the Novgorod province in the Arkhangelogorod Infantry Regiment . Unsuccessful escape. At the end of the year, a new arrest in with. New Sinyava economist Sekletsky. Ustim is imprisoned in Litinsky prison.

In December 1831, he was sentenced by the Litinsky district court: to punish the robber with the 101st blow, to send him to hard labor.

In April 1832, Karmalyuk dismantled the ceiling in his cell and escaped from Litinsky prison.

After 1825, the fugitive convict Karmalyuk was the most authoritative figure in the criminal world of Podillia. The area of ​​action of Karmalyuk's accomplices expanded - up to the Baltic district of Podolsk province and the Bessarabian region in the south and to the Volyn province and Kiev in the north. Researchers believe this was due to the trade in stolen horses. 74 crimes were committed. In 31 cases, they were directed against peasants (1 murder, 6 robberies, 24 thefts), in 17 - against bourgeois traders (1 murder, 3 thefts, 13 robberies), in 22 - against the gentry (1 murder, 5 robberies , 16 thefts), in four - against the clergy of various faiths (theft). About fifty people were directly involved (up to a dozen participants with firearms in some attacks). Perhaps the largest "catch" - a chest with money accidentally injured in 1833 during the robbery of a retired lieutenant colonel, retired Colonel Dembitsky, in which there were 400 pieces of gold, 200 rubles in silver and 175 rubles in banknotes - disappeared without a trace: even the threat of Karmalyuk to the dealers " fingers to cut glass "did not help to find the loss.

They even said that for some time Karmalyuk departed from the criminal scene and hired on some farm. There he was found by a long-time comrade P. Kopchuk (for four desertions he was punished with a total of 4,500 blows from the gauntlets) and persuaded him to accept atamanism again.

At 4 a.m. on October 10 ( 22 ), 1835 , Karmalyuk was shot in the head from an ambush by an 18-year-old nobleman F. Rutkovsky in the house of Elena Protskova in the village of Korichintsy Shlyakhovy (Traveling Korychenets) of the Derazhnyan volost of the Letichevsky district of the Podolsk province (now the village of Volossky Voloskovsky Village Council ( Ukrainian: Voloskivska sylska rada ) Derazhnyansky district of the Khmelnitsky region of Ukraine ). According to legend, it was killed not by a bullet, but by a silver “custom” button - this was the only way to kill the “sorcerer”, whom Karmalyuk was considered to be. The caught P. Kopchuk informed the authorities about Elena Protskova. She notified local authorities about the upcoming arrival of Ustim. And although he was warned about the surveillance, he nevertheless came to meet with his local henchman to clarify the plan of the attack on the landowner Volyansky. According to researcher S. Yakimovich, hearing about the threat of attack, pan Volyansky hastened to help his neighbor, pan Khlopitsky. That was not at home, but his daughter was visited by his groom - Rutkovsky. She persuaded to make an ambush. According to legend, F. Rudkovsky was awarded a personal meeting with Nicholas I in St. Petersburg, at which he was awarded a diamond ring and received a lifetime tax exemption. After Karmalyuk was killed, the court sentenced Prokop (husband of Elena) to deportation to Siberia, and his wife was pardoned.

In order to intimidate the rebellious peasants, the torn body of Karmalyuk was transported to cities and villages for a long time. He was buried in Letichev , outside the Letichevsky cemetery (the real burial place is still unknown) without a Christian rite. The official clerical record of his death ended with the following words: “In this way Karmalyuk ended his glorious atrocities with his crimes, punished three times with a gauntlet, and three times with a whip, as many times as having escaped from hard labor, who had troubled the local area for many years, which had extraordinary and even incredible almost a connection that has become, one might say, the instigator of all evil and thereby plunged many commoners into the destruction, and even the most superstitious universal opinion about his strength and power. ”

In 1830 - 1835 the peasant movement under the leadership of Karmalyuk swept all Podillia , the neighboring areas of Bessarabia and the Kiev region. About 20 thousand people took part in the uprising. Over the course of 23 years of struggle, the peasant detachments of Karmalyuk carried out more than a thousand attacks on landowners' estates. The money and valuables seized from the landlords were distributed to the peasant poor. Not only Ukrainians but also Poles and Jews took part in the rebel movement: Avrum El Itskovich, Abrashko Duvidovich Sokolnitsky, Aron Vinyar and Vasily Dobrovolsky, as well as Poles Yan and Alexander Glembotsky, Felix Yankovsky and Alexander Vitvitsky. None of them betrayed Karmalyuk during interrogations and confrontations, for which some of them were executed, while others were sent to Siberia. To fight the rebels, the Russian government in November 1833 created the Galuzinetsk commission, which was headed by a special commission officer Visersky. The commission recorded more than 1000 attacks by the Karmalyuk army against the landowners, and brought to trial more than 2700 people. Having interrogated 2700 people, the government commission decided that Karmalyuk raised up to 20 thousand rebels to fight.

Only a description of the appearance of Karmalyuk has survived to our times. According to witnesses and eyewitnesses, Karmalyuk was not very tall (according to the police report “2 arshins and 6 points”, that is, 171 centimeters), but he was broad-shouldered, extremely strong, distinguished by an extraordinary mind, spoke a little Polish and completely fluent - in -Ukrainian . Given the fact that Ustim was from Podolia , according to modern Ukrainian authors, he spoke “in Moscow” with a strong accent ^[5] . However, this contradicts the fact that Karmalyuk, during one of the arrests, successfully impersonated a native of Galicia, Kostroma province. contemporaries emphasized the well-groomed Karmalyuk, the habit of shaving and dressing as a gentry. According to the Polish historian Joseph Rolle, it was in the pan service that he became accustomed to dandy, and replaced the peasant scroll with the “Hungarian”, which in all court acts is called the “Polish Chemer ( Polish. Czamara )”.

Three portraits of U. Karmalyuk by Vasily Andreyevich Tropinin are known, which are stored in the Nizhny Tagil Museum of Fine Arts , the State Tretyakov Gallery and the Russian Museum .

In the inventory of the murdered Karmalyuk’s things there is a small green bag with boot carnations: he earned by sewing and repairing shoes, toiletries and nine rubles in silver. He was in a casing, a Polish chemer, high boots, had a tobacco pouch, a bag with buttons, scissors, a handkerchief, two pistols, a dagger and a pike: “His face is oval, shaved, trimmed mustache, blond hair, combed in a gentry style , with a parting from the side, an eagle nose, a brow high - there are two traces of the mark on it, on the shoulders and back there are traces of scars from the whips, in the lower jaw there were two missing front teeth ” ^[6] .

• Karmalyukovka village in the Balti district of Odessa region - until September 7, 1946 - Fernatia.
• The village of Karmalyukovo in the Zhmerinsky district of the Vinnitsa region - until October 15, 1955 - Golovchintsy.
• The streets named after Ustim Karmalyuk are in Brovary , Volochisk , Drohobych , Zhytomyr , Zhmerynka , Zolochev , Ivano-Frankivsk ( Karmelyuk Street ), Ilyintsy ( Ustima Karmelyuk Street ), Kalinovka , Karmalyukovo , Kiev Ustima Karmelyuk Street ), Kovel , Kramatorsk , Krivoy Rog , Lugansk , Poltava , Smely , Stryi , Sumy , Ternopol , Uzhgorod , Khmelnitsky , Chernivtsi .
• In 1974, a 5-meter monument was erected in Letichev. Sculptor V. Znoba, architect I. Shmulson.
• In 1986, a postal stamped envelope and a special stamp were issued dedicated to U. Y. Karmalyuk, and in 1975, 1985 and 1991 - to the monument to U. Y. Karmalyuk in the city of Letichev.

• Envelope of the USSR
•  

  Envelope, 1975, artist L. Nadtochay

•  

  Envelope, 1985

•  

  Envelope, 1986, painter G. Komlev

•  

  Mail envelope, 1991, artist V. Konovalov

Literature

The phenomenon of Karmelyuk is reflected in their works:

• Stepan Vasilievich Vasilchenko - The play "Karmelyuk" (1927)
• Marco Vovchok - historical story for children "Karmelyuk" (1865)
• Alexander Romanovich Gizha ( Ukrainian Gizha Oleksandr Romanovich ) - “Obligations of Karmalyuk” (1990)
• Vladimir Zenonovich Gzhitsky - the novel "Karmalyuk" (1971)
• Vasily Stepanovich Kucher ( Ukrainian: Kucher Vasil Stepanovich ) - the story “Ustim Karmalyuk” (1940); the novel "Ustim Karmalyuk" (1954)
• Foma Padura - a song To go to Siberia Sontse ( Ukrainian. To go to Siberia Sontse ) (authorship is mistakenly attributed to Karmalyuk himself)
• Joseph I. Rolle - “Gawędy z przeszłości (1878)
• Lyudmila Mikhailovna Staritskaya-Chernyakhovskaya - play “The Robber Karmelyuk” (1926)
• Mikhail Petrovich Staritsky - novel "The Robber Karmelyuk" (1908)
• Dmitry Tyagnigore - the drama "Carmelyuk" (1920)

Oral folk legends about the national hero were collected by Nikolai Kostomarov and Taras Shevchenko (the latter called him the “glorious knight”). Also Karmalyuk is sometimes credited with authorship of a number of Ukrainian folk songs.

Music

• Vladimir Yakovlevich Yorish - opera Karmelyuk (1929)
• Valentin Grigorievich Kostenko ( Ukrainian Kostenko Valentin Grigorovich ) - opera Karmelyuk (1930)
• Kirill Grigorievich Stetsenko - opera Karmelyuk (1905-1911)

Cinema

• Karmalyuk - feature film (1931), directed by Faust Lopatinsky, starring Stepan Shagayda.
• Karmelyuk - feature film (1938), directed by Georgy Tasin , starring Alexander Khvyla .
• Karmelyuk - television series (1985), directed by Grigory Kokhan , starring Ivan Gavrilyuk.
• Ustim Karmelyuk - Ukrainian Robin Hood 1 (television series, (2017)
• Ustim Karmelyuk - Ukrainian Robin Hood 2 (television series, (2020)

• Father Yakim Trofimov son Karman (Karmanyuk; c. 1742 - June 3 ( 15 ), 1809 )
• Mother Elena (Olyona) Vasilievna (c. 1751 - January 30 - February 11 ( February 11 ) 1806 )
• Stepmother (second wife of his father) - Maria Ivanovna widow Trofimova (Trokhimikha), married Yakima on May 13 ( 25 ), 1806
• Brothers and sisters:
  • Brother Nikolai (Mikola) (died December 22, 1783 ( January 2, 1784 ))
  • Sister Maria, on January 24 ( February 4 ), 1798 married Dmitry Ivanovich Sharpovsky from Yaroshev
  • Brothers Luke and Luke: born on October 13 ( 24 ), 1782 and October 19 ( 30 ), 1784 , one of them died on January 2 ( 13 ), 1787 , there is no more information about the other
  • Brother Ivan, baptized on August 29 ( September 9 ) 1789 , died January 17 ( 28 ), 1796
  • Twin sisters Oksana and Frosima, baptized on February 23 ( March 6 ), 1793 , Frosima died on December 9 ( 20 ), 1795 , Oksana married Danila Khrona
  • In the Confessional Painting for 1798, the family of Yakim and Elena Karmanyukov as their children were attributed: Konstantin - 18 years old, Vasily - 6 years old and Abram - 2 years.
• The first wife of Evdokia (Yavdoha) Petrovna Yasishina, according to metric books: at the time of the wedding ( January 28 ( February 9 ) 1806 ) she was 18 years old, at the time of her death (May 13 ( 25 ) May 1809 ) she was 23 years old.
  • Daughter Anastasia (born October 29 ( November 10 ) 1806 , baptized on November 8 ( 20 ), 1806 , died June 4 ( 16 ), 1810 )
  • Son Ivan (born January 30 ( February 11 ) 1808 , baptized February 1 ( 13 ) 1808 , died in Litinsky prison in August 1834)
• 2nd wife Maria Antonovna Shcherban (baptized on January 29 ( February 9 ) 1790 , married on January 24 ( February 5 ) 1811 )
  • Son Ostap (born February 22 ( March 5 ), 1812 , baptized February 24 ( March 7 ), 1812 , was in prison)
  • Son Ivan (born May 4 ( 16 ), 1815 , baptized May 8 ( 20 ), 1815 , subsequently identified as a “Moscow school”)
  • Son Taras (born and baptized on February 25 ( March 9 ), 1821 , subsequently appeared “on the run”)
• Uncle - Kiril Trofimovich Karmanyuk (died May 10 ( 22 ), 1810 at the age of 50), his son Nikolai (Mikola, was baptized on December 1 ( 12 ), 1782 )

Direct heirs of this kind in Golovchintsy (everything from Ostap) until 1955 remained Karmanyuki. And when the village was renamed Karmalyukovo, they were all rewritten as Karmalyukov.

• Ustim Karmelyuk and V.A. Tropinin