Kurtids - a medieval Central Asian dynasty of Tajik origin [1] [2] , which ruled in Khorasan in the XIII-XIV centuries. The Kurtids were initially subject to the sultan of the Gurid dynasty, Guillas ud-Din Muhammad , and then became vassals of the Mongol Empire [3] . With the collapse of the state of the Hulaguids in 1335, the ruler of the Kurtids, Muiz ud-Din Husayn ibn Giyas, tried to expand his possessions. The death of Husayn in 1370 and the invasion of Tamerlane's troops in 1381 put an end to Kurtidov’s ambitions [3] .
| Historical state | |
| State of the Curtids | |
|---|---|
 The state of the Kurtids at its peak | |
←   →1244 - 1381 | |
| Capital | Herat |
| Languages) | Persian |
| Religion | Islam |
| Form of government | monarchy |
| Official language | |
| Malik , Sultan | |
| • 1245 | Rukn ud-Din Abu Bakr |
| • 1370-1789 | Guillas oud-din Pir Ali |
Content
Gurid Dynasty Vassals
The Kurtids are descended from the Taj ud-Din Osman Margini, whose brother, Izz ud-Din Omar Margini, was the vizier of the Gurid Sultan Giyas ud-Din Muhammad [4] . The founder of the Kartid dynasty was Malik Rukn ud-Din Abu Bakr, who came from the Shansabani clan from Gur [5] .
Malik Rukn ud-Din Abu Bakr married the Gurida princess [3] , and their son Shams ud-Din Muhammad succeeded his father in 1245 .
Vassals of the Mongol Empire
Shams ud-Din joined Sali Noiyan, the commander of Khan Munke , during his campaign in India in 1246 . He later visited Khan Munke (1248-1257), who transferred Great Khorasan (modern Afghanistan ) and land to the Indus under his authority. In 1263–1264, having conquered Seistan , Shams ud-Din visited Khan Khulaga , and three years later, his successor Khan Abaku , whom he accompanied in his campaign against Derbent and Baku . In 1276-1277, Shams ud-Din again visited Abaku, but this time the khan changed his favorable disposition to Shams ud-Din on suspicions. As a result, the ruler of the Kurtids was poisoned in January 1278 by a watermelon when he visited baths in Tabriz . Abaka ordered the body of Shams ud-Din to be delivered in chains and buried in Jama ( Khorasan ).
Shams ud-din Muhammad was succeeded by his son Rukn ud-din, who took the title malik . By the time of his death on September 3, 1305 , when the real power was already in the hands of his son Fakhr ud-Din.
Malik Fakhr ud-Din was the patron of literature, and also an extremely religious person. He had previously spent seven years in prison on orders from his father, Rukn ud-Din, until the Mongol Emir Navruz stood up for him. When Navruz revolted in 1296 , Fakhr ud-Din gave him refuge, but when the Mongol troops approached Herat, he gave Navruz soldiers of the Gazan Khan . Three years later, Fahr ud-Din came into conflict with the successor of Ghazan, Algejt , who, shortly after his rise in 1306, sent 10,000 soldiers against Herat. However, Fakhr ud-Din deceived the invaders: he allowed them to occupy the city, and then closed the gates and interrupted them, including the commander Danishmend Bahadur. He died on February 26, 1307 , but Herat and Gilan were eventually captured by Aljait.
Brother Fahr ud-Din Guillas ud-Din became his successor after his death. Almost immediately, Giyas ud-Din began to quarrel with his other brother, Ala ud-Din ibn Ruknom. To strengthen his power, Guillas ud-Din visited Oljait, who cordially received him, and Guillas returned to Khorasan in 1307-1308. Continuing quarrels with his brother forced Guillas to visit Algeita again in 1314–1315. Returning to Herat, he discovered that his lands were seized by the Chagatai prince Yasaur, and the ruler of Isfizar Qutb ud-Din and the population of Seistan were hostile to him. Yasaur began the siege of Herat. However, the prince was stopped by the Mongolian troops, and in August 1320 Giyas ud-Din made a pilgrimage to Mecca, leaving his son Shams ud-Din Muhammad ibn Giyas to rule the state. In 1327, the emir Chupan , who betrayed Ilkhan Abu Said Bahadur Khan, fled to Herat, where he applied for asylum to Giyas ud-Din, his old friend. Guillas ud-Din initially granted his request, but when Abu Said pressed him and demanded that Chupan be extradited, Guillas obeyed. Soon, Giyas ud-Din died, leaving four sons: Shams ud-Din Muhammad, Hafiz ibn Giyas, Muizz ud-Din Husayn and Bakir ibn Giyas ud-Din.
Independent State
Four years after the accession to the throne, Muizz ud-Din Husayn, Ilkhan Abu Said Bahadur Khan died, after which the state of the Hulaguids began to decay rapidly. Husayn entered into an alliance with Tuka-Timur , a contender for the title of Ilkhan. Until his death, Husayn intensely fought with the movement of the Serbedars , who had strengthened in Sebzevar . The Serbedars declared Tuk Timur their enemy and invaded the Kurtid lands as his allies. In the ensuing battle of the Zav on July 18, 1342, the Serbedars initially gained an advantage, but disunity in their army eventually gave the Kurtids a victory. Husayn then took several successful campaigns against the Chagatais in the northeast. At this time, he took on the service of a very young Tamerlane (Timur). In 1349, during the life of Tuk-Timur, Husayn stopped paying tribute to him and began to rule as an independent sultan. The assassination of Tuk-Timur in 1353 by the Serbedars removed the potential threat to the Kurtids on his part. However, around 1358, the Chagatai emir Kazagan invaded Khorasan and plundered Herat. Upon returning home, Kazagan was killed, which allowed Husayn to restore his power. Another Serbian campaign against Husayn in 1362 was interrupted due to conflicts among Serbian commanders. Soon after, the Kurtid leader sheltered Shiite dervishes who fled from the ruler of the Serbadars, Ali Muayadd, who executed their leader during an interrupted campaign. At the same time, relations with Tamerlan were complicated when the Kurtid army invaded his lands. After the death of Husayn in 1370, his son Giyas ud-Din Pir-Ali inherited most of his father’s lands, except for the city of Serakhs and part of Kuhistan , which went to the half-brother of Giyas, Malik Muhammad ibn Muizz ud Din.
Vassals of the Timurids
Guillas ud-Din Pir-Ali, the grandson of Tuk-Timur through his mother Hatun, tried to destabilize the state of the Sarbedar, urging the dervishes on their lands to speak out against the Serbedars. In response, Ali Muayadd conspired with Malik Muhammad. When Guillas tried to pacify his half-brother, Ali Muayadd led the army and forced the ruler of the Kurtids to interrupt the campaign. Soon, the Serbedars entered a period of internal turmoil, which Guillas did not fail to take advantage of and captured Nishapur (1376). At the same time, both Guillas and Malik Muhammad tried to persuade Tamerlan to his side: the first ambassador to him was an embassy, and the second personally asked Tamerlane for asylum when he was expelled to Serakhs. Tameran eventually supported Giyas and proposed a marriage between his niece Sevinj Kutlug Aga and his son Giyas Pir-Muhammad. The wedding took place in Samarkand around 1376 . Tamerlan later invited Guillas to the council, but he declined to visit on the pretext of suppressing a Shiite uprising in Nishapur. Then Tamerlane decided to invade the lands of Kartidov. The invasion was supported by many prominent residents of Khorasan: for example, the former vizier Muin ad-Din Jami sent an invitation letter to Tamerlane, and the sheikhs of Jem convinced influential dignitaries to welcome Tamerlane on his way to Herat. In April 1381, the army of Tamerlane approached the city. The townspeople were demoralized, in addition, they were aware of his promise to spare all who did not oppose him with weapons in their hands. The city fell, its fortifications were destroyed, theologians and scholars were sent to the lands of Timur, the townspeople imposed a high tax, and Guillas ud-Din and his son were sent prisoners to Samarkand. Gillas ud-Din was a vassal of Tamerlane, until he supported the Herats revolt in 1382 . Giyas and his son Pir-Muhammad with relatives were executed around 1383 , and the son of Tamerlane, Miran Shah, crushed the rebellion. In the same year, he crushed a new uprising led by Sheikh Daoud Hitatay in Isfizar. The remaining members of the Kurtid dynasty were killed in 1396 at a feast at Miran Shah [6] . So the Kurtid dynasty stopped, becoming a victim of the expansion of the Tamerlane empire.
Rulers
| Title | Personal name | Years of rule | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rukn ud-Din Abu Bakr | ? —1245 | ||
| Shams ud-din Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr | 1245-1277 | ||
| Malik ملک | Rukn ud-Din ibn Shams ud-Din Muhammad | 1277-1295 | |
| Malik ملک | Fahr ud-din ibn rukn ud-din | 1295-1308 | |
| Malik ملک | Guillas ud-din ibn rukn ud-din | 1308-1329 | |
| Malik ملک | Shams ud-din Muhammad ibn Giyas ud-din | 1329-1330 | |
| Malik ملک | Hafiz ibn Giyas ud-Din | 1330-1332 | |
| Malik ملک The sultan سلطان | Muizz ud-din Husayn ibn Giyas ud-din | 1332–1370 | |
| Malik ملک The sultan سلطان | Guillas oud-din Pir Ali | 1370-1389 | |
The conquest of Khorasan and Afghanistan by Tamerlan .
| |||
Notes
- ↑
- Martijn Theodoor Houtsma, Sir Thomas Walker Arnold, René Basset, Richard Hartmann, Arent Jan Wensinck, Willi Heffening, Evariste Lévi-Provençal, Sir Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb, International Association of Academies. The Encyclopaedia of Islām: A Dictionary of the Geography, Ethnography and Biography of the Muhammadan Peoples, Volume 1, Part 1 . EJ Brill pp. 154 (1913). Date accessed August 21, 2017.
"The Kurt dynasty which ruled Afghanistan under the Persian Mongols were also Tadjiks . In the south, spreading into BalocistBn the population of Tadjik origin goes by the name of DehwSr or Dehkan, ie villager, and north of the Hindn-kush ..."
- Martijn Theodoor Houtsma, Sir Thomas Walker Arnold, René Basset, Richard Hartmann, Arent Jan Wensinck, Willi Heffening, Evariste Lévi-Provençal, Sir Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb, International Association of Academies. The Encyclopaedia of Islām: A Dictionary of the Geography, Ethnography and Biography of the Muhammadan Peoples, Volume 1, Part 1 . EJ Brill pp. 154 (1913). Date accessed August 21, 2017.
- ↑
- Martijn Theodoor Houtsma. EJ Brill's first Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936, Volume 1 (English) . EJ Brill p. 546 pp. 154 (1993). Date accessed August 21, 2017.
"The Kurt dynasty which ruled Afghanistan under the Persian Mongols were also Tadjiks . In the south, spreading into BalocistBn the population of Tadjik origin goes by the name of DehwSr or Dehkan, ie villager, and north of the Hindn-kush ..." - Robert Byron The Road to Oxiana: New Linked and Annotated Edition . CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform pp. 441. (2016). Date accessed August 21, 2017.
"The Kurt dynasty, also known as the Kartids, was a Sunni Muslim dynasty of Tajik origin that ruled over a large part of Khorasan, during the 13th and 14th centuries, from their capital at Herat." - Mukesh Kumar Sinha. The Persian World: Understanding People, Polity, and Life in Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan . Hope India Publications p. 151 pp. 30 (2005). Date accessed August 21, 2017.
"The indigenous Kurt dynasty, a Tajik line related to the Ghurids" - Mahomed Abbas Shushtery. Historical and cultural aspects . Bangalore Press pp. 76 (1938). Date accessed August 21, 2017.
"The inhabitants of Seistan are a mixture of Tajiks and Baluchis. Some of them ... The Ghori and Kurt dynasties who ruled in Afghanistan were Tajiks ..." - MJ Gohari. The Taliban: Ascent to Power Oxford University Press p. 158 pp. 4 (2000). Date accessed August 21, 2017.
"The indigenous Kert (Kurt) dynasty, a Tajik line related to the Ghurids, ruled at Herat" - Farhad Daftary, The Ismāī̀līs: Their History and Doctrines , ( Cambridge University Press , 1999), 445.
- Martijn Theodoor Houtsma. EJ Brill's first Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936, Volume 1 (English) . EJ Brill p. 546 pp. 154 (1993). Date accessed August 21, 2017.
- ↑ 1 2 3 CE Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties , (Columbia University Press, 1996), 263.
- ↑ Edward G. Browne, A Literary History of Persia: Tartar Dominion 1265-1502 , (Ibex Publishers, 1997), 174.
- ↑ Kart , TW Haig and B. Spuler, The Encyclopaedia of Islam , Vol. IV, ed. E. van Donzel, B. Lewis and C. Pellat, (Brill, 1997), 672.
- ↑ Vasiliĭ Vladimirovich Bartolʹd, Four Studies on the History of Central Asia , Vol. II, (Brill, 1958), 33.
Literature
- Peter Jackson (1986). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume Six: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. ISBN 0-521-20094-6
- Edward G. Browne (1926). A Literary History of Persia: The Tartar Dominion. ISBN 0-936347-66-X