Jaan Poska ( est. Jaan Poska ; January 24, 1866 , Layzevelyalya , Layuse parish - March 7, 1920 , Tallinn ) - Estonian lawyer and statesman, one of the founders of Estonian statehood, head of the Autonomous Estonia within the Russian Republic . In pre-revolutionary Russia, he was known as Ivan Ivanovich Poska .
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Biography
Early years
Jaan Poska was born on January 24 (old style - January 12) of 1866. He was the fifth child in a family of twelve children. His brother Gabriel (or Gabriel, 1875–1929) worked as a lawyer.
He was educated in Russian Orthodox traditions; Russian was his home language. He spoke Estonian with a slight Russian accent. He studied at the parochial school in Tuhalaan . When Poska was 16 years old, his father died, and his mother and younger brothers and sisters Jaana moved to Yuryev , where his brother Mihkel studied at the university, who later became an inspector of public schools.
He graduated from the Riga Theological Seminary (1886), where in addition to studying church disciplines and philosophy, he received a secondary education. In 1890 he graduated from the Faculty of Law of the Imperial Yuriev University .
He translated the "Queen of Spades" by A. S. Pushkin and a number of other works into Estonian. Signed with the pseudonym "Jaan Karu" ( est. Jaan Karu ). While studying at the university, he helped his brother Mihkel in compiling a textbook on Russian literature for Estonian schools.
Political career
Sworn attorney (attorney) in Revel (now Tallinn ). Since 1904 - the vowel of the Revel City Council , in 1905 was its chairman. In the years 1913-1917 - the city head of Revel.
In 1914–1915 he carried out a medical reform, in 1915 he established a women's commercial school , in 1916 - an art-industrial school . He became the first ethnic Estonian who served as chairman of the Revel City Council, and the second Estonian, the former mayor (mayor) of Revel.
After Estonia received the status of autonomy, in March 1917, Jaan Poska was appointed Commissioner of the Provisional Government of Russia in the Estland province , remaining on this post until the Bolshevik coup in November of the same year. In the autumn of 1917 he was elected to the All-Russian Constituent Assembly .
On February 24, 1918, the Estonian Rescue Committee appointed Jaan Poska as Minister of Foreign Affairs of the newly formed state. Poska was then a member of the Estonian Provisional Government as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Justice. In 1919, he achieved recognition of independent Estonia in Western Europe and participated in the work of the Paris Peace Conference .
Upon returning to Estonia, he was appointed head of the Estonian delegation at the peace talks with Soviet Russia , which ended on February 2, 1920 with the signing of the Tartu Peace Treaty .
He was elected to the Constituent Assembly of Estonia . Awarded the Third Degree Cross of Freedom of the first degree - for civil merit. He was buried in Tallinn at the Alexander Nevsky Cemetery .
Children
- Ksenia Poska (1896-1964) - Doctor
- Vera Poska-Grüntal ( est. Vera Poska-Grünthal ; 1898–1986) - lawyer (magister of legal sciences), leader of the women's movement, author of the book of memoirs “Jaan Poska tütar jutustab” ( “Daughter of Jaana Poski tells” , 1969). In 1944 she fled to Sweden, where she worked in the archive.
- Tatyana Poska-Laaman (1900-1988) - Doctor of Journalism (she was married to Alexander Arder , later married to Edward Laaman). A graduate of the University of Sorbonne , was the chairman of the Union of Mothers of Estonia.
- Jaan Poska (1902-1941) - lawyer
- George (1904–1906)
- Anna Poska (1905—1986) - translator of children's books
- Helena (Elena) Poska-Niinemann ( est. Helena Poska-Niinemann ; 1907–1939) - lawyer
- Niina (Nina) Poska-Lehes (1913-1953);
- Jüri Poska ( Ext. Jüri Poska ; 1919-1974) - a lawyer and an Orthodox priest, in 1944 he fled to Sweden.
Memorial
- In modern Estonia, there is the Jaan Poski Memorial Fund .
- The name of Jaan Poski is the street in Tallinn's Kadriorg district (until 1991 , which bore the name of the Estonian communist Alexander Leiner ).
In 1908 - 1920 Poska lived on it in the house number 8 [2] . - In this house is the house-museum of Jaan Poski, opened in 2008 by the Jaan Poski Memorial Fund [2] .
- The gymnasium in Tartu is named after Jaan Poski
- The activities of Jaan Poski as Commissioner of the Provisional Government in the days of the October Revolution in Tallinn are shown in the 1980 television film The Two Days in the Life of Victor Kingisepp (directed by Tõnis Kask, Estonian TV Studio). In the role of Poska Heino Mandri starred.
Literature
- Estonian biographical dictionary . Tallinn, 2002.
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 German National Library , Berlin State Library , Bavarian State Library , etc. Record # 119105500 // General Regulatory Control (GND) - 2012—2016.
- ↑ 1 2 House Museum of Jaana Poski
Links
- The restored house of Jaan Poska is open in Kadriorg // Novosti ERR , 01.24.2008
- The second life of Jaan Poska's house // Youth of Estonia , 01/25/2008
- Tallinn will spend 100,000 on improvement of Poska's grave // Novosti ERR, 05/18/2010