Orenburg Oblast is a region of the Russian Federation located in the territory that covers the southeastern outskirts of the East European Plain, the southern tip of the Urals and the southern Trans-Urals.
Content
Ancient period
The oldest traces of human habitation in the territory of the modern Orenburg region date back to the Upper Paleolithic period : Labazy I and Labazy II sites in the lower reaches of the Buzuluk River in the north of the Kurmanayevsky District [1] , Idelbaevskaya station in the Mednogorsk region [2] , the location of flint tools on the outskirts of the village of Novouzeli and in the ravine near the village of Internatsionalny in the Matveyevsky district, the “Donguz plate” with the image of a deer on the Ilek plateau. The Mesolithic includes the Starotok site near the village of Ivanovka in the Krasnogvardeisky district. The Neolithic era includes Staroelshanskaya and Ivanovo sites. By the second half of V - the beginning of IV millennium BC. e. Monuments of the Khvalynsko-Berezhnovsky cultural group belong (the Turganik, Ivanovo sites, the Ivanovo dune burial ground). Skulls from the burial ground of Krasnoyarsk, located northeast of the village of Yulty, Krasnogvardeisky district on the right bank of the Tok River, belong to the Eneolithic period (4035-3992 BC) [3] .
The Bronze Age includes settlements of settled cattle breeders of the Srubnaya and Alakul archaeological cultures and miners-metallurgists at the Kargaly mines (the largest mining and metallurgical center in Northern Eurasia).
In the XVII - XVI centuries BC. e. in the Trans-Urals, a whole network of fortified ramparts with mound necropolises of the Sintashta type was created . The Sarmatian culture includes mounds near the village of Prokhorovka, Sharlyk district. Aleksey Nechvaloda made an anthropological reconstruction of the head on the skull of a Sarmatian man from the Philippian mounds .
Anthropomorphic statues “ stone women ” belonged to the Middle Ages, left in the Orenburg region by Turkic-speaking nomads of the 9th – 12th centuries [4] .
As part of Russia
In the empire
Since the 30s of the XVIII century, after deciding on the voluntary entry into the Russian state of Bashkir and Kazakh tribes, the territory of modern Orenburg began to be actively developed by immigrants from the central provinces of Russia [5] .
On August 31, 1735, at the confluence of Ori and Yaika , the Orenburg fortress was laid. Strong floods in this place forced in 1739 to begin preparations for the construction of a new city with the same name downstream of the Yaik, on Red Mountain. On August 6, 1741, it was laid. The old city was called Orsk Fortress (the current city of Orsk ). The chosen place on the Red Mountain is treeless, stony and remote from the river, also proved to be unsuitable for the construction of the city [6] . On April 19 (30), 1743 , Orenburg was laid for the third time, on the site of the former Berdskaya fortress (Berdsky town), 70 versts from the Krasnogorsk tract at the confluence of the Sakmary River in Yaik, surrounded by forests and arable land. Now it is the historical center of the city. The city, built on Red Mountain, was called the Krasnogorsk Fortress [7] .
In 1744, Orenburg became the center of the Orenburg province , established by a registered decree of the Empress Anna Ioannovna . The border of the Orenburg province reached the Iset and Kama rivers in the north, to the Volga in the west near Samara and Stavropol, went slightly west of the Yaik River, reached the Caspian and Aral Seas in the south, and the Tobol River and the eastern reaches of the nomad territories in the east Middle Kazakh Zhuz.
The Orenburg province was among the 17 regions recognized as seriously affected during the famine of 1891-1892 .
In Kazakh Autonomy
On August 26, 1920, the Soviet government (the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR) issued a decree "On the formation of the Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic" as part of the RSFSR and established that the governing bodies of the KirASSR are local Councils of Deputies, the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars, and the Kyrgyz government was established to control the military apparatus Military Commissariat. On October 4, 1920, the Constituent Congress of Soviets of the Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic took place in Orenburg, the Orenburg province became a part of it, and the city of Orenburg became the capital of the Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1920, from the Ural , Turgai, and Semipalatinsk regions, the northern part of the Transcaspian region , the Bukeev province and the southern part of the Orenburg province , populated by Kyrgyz kaisaks (so called Kazakhs ), a new autonomy was formed in the RSFSR - the Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (from April 1925 - the Kazak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic )) with the capital in Orenburg . Later Ak-Mosque.
In April 1925, the Orenburg province was withdrawn from the Kazak Autonomy , the capital of which was renamed Kzyl-Orda .
In the RSFSR
The decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of May 14, 1928 as a result of the merger of the abolished Orenburg , as well as Samara , Ulyanovsk , Penza and parts of the Saratov provinces, the Middle Volga region [8] was formed with an administrative center in Samara . At the same time, the Orenburg District was formed, which included the former Orenburg and Orsky counties .
Since October 20, 1929, the Orenburg District was part of the Middle Volga Region .
On July 30, 1930, the Orenburg District, along with others, was abolished, and its areas are directly subordinate to the Middle Volga Region.
On December 7, 1934, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee adopted a resolution on the formation of the Orenburg Region by isolating it from the Middle Volga Region. At the same time, the composition of the organizing committee for the election of the Council of Deputies of the Orenburg Region was approved, and K. E. Vasiliev was appointed chairman. By a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of December 26, 1938 [9], the region was renamed Chkalovskaya (the city of Orenburg was renamed Chkalov by the same decree).
On September 14, 1954, Soviet tactical exercises were conducted at the Totsky training ground under the leadership of Marshal Zhukov using nuclear weapons (codenamed “Snowball”).
Until December 4, 1957, the Orenburg region was called Chkalov .
In November 1966, on the left bank of the Urals, near Orenburg, a unique Orenburg oil and gas condensate field was discovered at exploratory well No. 13 [10] .
Notes
- ↑ New about the Paleolithic
- ↑ Idelbaevskaya parking Archived March 6, 2016 on Wayback Machine
- ↑ Bogdanov S.V. , Khokhlov A.A. Eneolithic burial ground in the tract of Krasnoyarsk // Bulletin of the Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Issue No. 3-1 / Volume 14/2012
- ↑ Bogdanov S.V. Archaeological essay of the Orenburg region Archival copy of March 26, 2016 on the Wayback Machine
- ↑ History of the Orenburg region
- ↑ Lappo G. M. Cities of Russia. The look of a geographer . - M .: New Chronograph, 2012 .-- S. 78. - 504 p. - ISBN 978-5-94881-151-2 .
- ↑ Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire. T. IX, No. 6571, 6576, 6584.
- ↑ S. A. Tarkhov “The First Soviet Reform, the Consolidation of Administrative Territorial Units in 1923-1929.” Archived copy of September 17, 2008 on the Wayback Machine
- ↑ s: Decree of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council of 12/26/1938 on renaming the city of Orenburg to the city of Chkalov and the Orenburg region to Chkalov region
- ↑ History of Gazprom dobycha Orenburg