Amitermes (lat.) - a genus of termites from the subfamily Termitinae [1] [2] .
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 "Compass" or "magnetic" termite mounds of the species Amitermes meridionalis ( Australia ) reach 4 m in height and 3 m in length. | ||||||||||||||||||
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| Amitermes Silvestri , 1901 | ||||||||||||||||||
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Content
Distribution
Worldwide, mainly in the tropics. They are found in diverse conditions from the equatorial rainy jungle, for example, Amitermes excellens (Silvestri) ( Guyana ; Emerson 1925) and Amitermes dentatus (Haviland) ( Sumatra island; Gathorne-Hardy et al. 2001) to deserts, for example, Amitermes emersoni Light (Coachella , California ; Light 1930) and Amitermes desertorum Desneux ( Egypt ; Sands 1992) [1] . About 10 species are known in Neotropics [3] [4] [5] . In Africa and the Middle East (Arabia, Iraq and Iran) about 20 species live [6] [7] .
Description
Small termites, soldier length less than 1 cm. The mandibles are curved, saber-like with one apical tooth. The soldier’s head is bulbous with a long “nose” and a rounded fountain hole for spraying protective terpenoid fluid [3] [8] . Antennae of adult females and males 12-18-segmented. Formula of spurs of tibia: 3-2-2. The antennae of the soldiers are 11-20-segmented. The legs are 4-segmented. Thermal materials are large, subsoil. Some of their above-ground bulk structures reach huge sizes and are called "compass" or "magnetic". The nests of Amitermes meridionalis reach 4 m in height and 3 m in length and are oriented along the north – south line [1] [9] [10] .
Giant termite mound Amitermes meridionalis (Australia, 1906)
Systematics
About 100 species. The genus was first isolated in 1901 by the Italian entomologist Professor Filippo Silvestri [11] [12] [6] . The second largest genus after Microcerotermes in the subfamily Termitinae [3] [13] .
- Amitermes abruptus
- Amitermes accinctus
- Amitermes acinacifer
- Amitermes aduncus
- Amitermes agrilus
- Amitermes amicki
- Amitermes amifer
- Amitermes aporema
- Amitermes arboreus
- Amitermes arcuatus
- Amitermes baluchistanicus
- Amitermes beaumonti
- Amitermes bechuana
- Amitermes belli
- Amitermes boreus
- Amitermes braunsi
- Amitermes calabyi
- Amitermes capito
- Amitermes coachellae
- Amitermes colonus
- Amitermes conformis
- Amitermes corpulentus
- Amitermes cryptodon
- Amitermes darwini
- Amitermes dentatus
- Amitermes dentosus
- Amitermes deplanatus
- Amitermes desertorum
- Amitermes emersoni
- Amitermes ensifer
- Amitermes eucalypti
- Amitermes evuncifer
- Amitermes excellens
- Amitermes exilis
- Amitermes falcatus
- Amitermes firmus
- Amitermes floridensis
- Amitermes foreli
- Amitermes gallagheri
- Amitermes germanus
- Amitermes gracilis
- Amitermes guineensis
- Amitermes hartmeyeri
- Amitermes hastatus
- Amitermes herbertensis
- Amitermes heterognathus
- Amitermes importunus
- Amitermes innoxius
- Amitermes inops
- Amitermes insolitus
- Amitermes inspissatus
- Amitermes lanceolatus
- Amitermes latidens
- Amitermes lativentris
- Amitermes laurensis
- Amitermes leptognathus
- Amitermes longignathus
- Amitermes lönnbergianus
- Amitermes lunae [3]
- Amitermes meridionalis
- Amitermes messinae
- Amitermes minimus
- Amitermes mitchelli
- Amitermes modicus
- Amitermes neogermanus
- Amitermes nordestinus
- Amitermes obeuntis
- Amitermes obtusidens
- Amitermes pallidiceps
- Amitermes pallidus
- Amitermes pandus
- Amitermes papuanus
- Amitermes paradentatus
- Amitermes parallelus
- Amitermes parvidens
- Amitermes parvulus
- Amitermes parvus
- Amitermes paucinervius
- Amitermes pavidus
- Amitermes perarmatus
- Amitermes perelegans
- Amitermes perryi
- Amitermes procerus
- Amitermes quadratus
- Amitermes ravus
- Amitermes rotundus
- Amitermes sciangallorum
- Amitermes scopulus
- Amitermes seminotus
- Amitermes silvestrianus
- Amitermes snyderi
- Amitermes socotrensis
- Amitermes somaliensis
- Amitermes spinifer
- Amitermes stephensoni
- Amitermes subtilis
- Amitermes truncatidens
- Amitermes uncinatus
- Amitermes unidentatus
- Amitermes vicinus
- Amitermes vilis
- Amitermes viriosus
- Amitermes vitiosus
- Amitermes westraliensis
- Amitermes wheeleri
- Amitermes xylophagus
See also
- Atlantitermes
- Trinervitermes trinervoides
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 Krishna, Kumar .; Grimaldi, David A .; Krishna, Valerie .; Engel, Michael S. 2013. Treatise on the Isoptera of the world. - Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, no. 377: pp. 1-2704 (vol. 1-7). ISSN 0003-0090
- ↑ Genus Amitermes Silvestri, 1901 . On-line termite database
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Scheffrahn, Rudolf H., Huchet, Jean-Bernard. A new termite species (Isoptera: Termitidae: Termitinae: Amitermes ) and first record of a Subterranean Termite from the Coastal Desert of South America (Eng.) // Zootaxa : journal. - 2010 .-- Vol. 2328 . - P. 65-68 . - ISSN 1175-5334 .
- ↑ Light, SF (1930). The Mexican species of Amitermes Silvestri (Isoptera). University of California Publications in Entomology, 5, 215-232.
- ↑ Light, SF (1932). Contribution toward a revision of the American species of Amitermes Silvestri. University of California Publications in Entomology, 5, 355-414.
- ↑ 1 2 Sands, W. (1992). The termite genus Amitermes in Africa and the Middle East. Bulletin of the Natural Resources Institute, United Kingdom, 51, 1-140.
- ↑ Sands, WA (1959). A revision of the termites of the genus Amitermes from the Ethiopian Region (lsoptera, Termitidae, Amitermitinae). Bulletin - British Museum (Natural History), Entomology. 8: 129-156.
- ↑ Scheffrahn R., Gaston, L., Sims, J. & Rust, M. (1983). Identification of the defensive secretion from soldiers of the North American termite, Amitermes wheeleri (Desneux) (Isoptera: Termitidae). Journal of Chemical Ecology , 9, 1293-1305
- ↑ AM Schmidt, P. Jacklyn, J. Korb. 'Magnetic' termite mounds: is their unique shape an adaptation to facilitate gas exchange and improve food storage? (English) // Insectes Sociaux. - Springer Science + Business Media , 2014 .-- Vol. 61. - P. 41–49. - ISSN 0020-1812 .
- ↑ Hadlington, Phillip W. Australian Termites and Other Common Timber Pests . - UNSW Press, 1996. - P. 19, 70–71. - ISBN 9780868403991 .
- ↑ Silvestri, F. 1901. Nota preliminare sui Termitidi sud-americani. Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della Reale Università di Torino 16 (389): 1-8.
- ↑ Scheffrahn, R. & Su, N.-Y. (1987) A world list of species in the genus Amitermes (Isoptera: Termitidae). Sociobiology, 13, 183-190
- ↑ Amitermes . Encyclopedia of Life. Date of treatment February 1, 2014.
Literature
- Krishna, Kumar .; Grimaldi, David A .; Krishna, Valerie .; Engel, Michael S. 2013. Treatise on the Isoptera of the world. - Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, no. 377: pp. 1-2704 (vol. 1-7). ISSN 0003-0090
- Peter M. Jacklyn. (1992). “Magnetic” termite mound surfaces are oriented to suit wind and shade conditions. - Oecologia. September 1992, Volume 91, Issue 3, pp 385-395.
- Jacklyn, Peter M .; Ursula Munro. (2002). Evidence for the use of magnetic cues in mound construction by the termite Amitermes meridionalis (Isoptera: Termitinae). - Australian Journal of Zoology . 50 (4). P. 357-368.
- Light, SF 1932. Contribution toward a revision of the American species of Amitermes Silvestri. University of California Publications in Entomology 5 (17): 355-414.
- Silvestri, F. 1901. Nota preliminare sui termitidi sud-americani. Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia e Anatomia Comparata della Università di Torino XVI (389): 1-8.
- Silvestri, F. 1903. Contribuzione alla conoscenza dei Termiti e Termitofili dell'America Meridionale. Redia 1: 1-234.
- Silvestri, F. 1909. Isoptera. In: Die Fauna Südwest-Australia. Vol. 2, edited by W. Michaelsen & R. Hartmeyer, pp. 279-314.
Links
- Amitermes
- Magnetic Termite (Amitermes meridionalis) (English) . ozanimals.com. Date of treatment July 6, 2015.
- Termitniki. Magnetic Termite (Amitermes meridionalis). Photo of magnetic termite mounds