Carbuncle , escarbuncle ( fr. Escarboucle , rais d'escarboucle ; English carbuncle ), “ Cool wheel ” ( German Clevenrad ), “ wheel of lilies ” ( German Lilienrad , Lilienhaspel , also Lilienzepterstern ), carfunel ( German Wappenkarfunk Karfunkelrad , Karfunkelstern ) is a non-heraldic coat of arms of eight wands (or knitting needles ) radially diverging from the center, with four of the wands making a straight cross and four others making an oblique . Wands are crowned with heraldic lilies or other objects, for example, “apples” ( French pommette , ox. Pometada , Spanish pometeados ).
Eight wands are considered a standard number, while a different number requires a separate mention in the description of the coat of arms [1] . Often the through core of the figure ( nave , German: Nabe ) is decorated with a precious stone ( Pierre précieuse ) - carbuncle [2] (ruby and garnet) or emerald. From here, many derive the name of this figure. [3] .
“Carbuncle” is characteristic of heraldry associated with the Duchy of Cleves , where after 1265 it is the central element of the coat of arms, possibly as a vowel emblem, as it is often described as “ Gleverad ”, and in the Rhine lands “Gleve” - the name of the lily.
The appearance of clevenrads is associated with the transformation of protective umbon and iron reinforcement from narrow stripes on the surface of the shield into a separate emblem [4] . An example is the most famous of the "carbuncles" - Klevo. At the beginning of the 13th century, the old Cleve emblem, the lion, was replaced by a new one - a silver shield in an scarlet field. According to Seiler, soon a non-heraldic element is added to the owner’s shield - steel strip reinforcing the shield with decorative edges, and by the 14th century such a umber is transformed into the coat of arms “wheel of lilies”, becoming the main and distinctive figure of the Cleve coat of arms [5] .
It is noteworthy that the coat of arms of Navarra , having a separate, heroic history of its appearance [6] , is very similar in color and symbol to the traditional “carbuncle”. Thus, initially the decorative elements of equipping the shield, namely, the head of nails on the scraps along the edges and axes of the shield, in the coat of arms of the kings of Navarre from the time of Theobald I of Champagne , who died in 1253, are reinterpreted as links of a chain laid in a pattern by the 15th century [7 ] . It is also likely that initially the emblem was a regular “carbuncle” with eight wands, but then it was transformed into the Navarran chains, which also covered the edges and edges of the shield [8] .
Content
- 1 Gallery
- 2 notes
- 3 Literature
- 4 References
Gallery
Coat of arms of the Dukes of Cleves
Coat of arms of the French commune Craivik
Coat of arms of Abscon
Custom carbuncle on the coat of arms of Jeffrey de Mandeville
Coat of arms of Navarra
Notes
- ↑ Nicolas Viton de Saint-Allais. Dictionnaire encyclopédique de la noblesse de France . - Paris, 1816. (fr.)
- ↑ carbuncle ( Latin carbunculus - smoldering coal) - the common name for precious and semiprecious red stones in the Middle Ages. The stone was called the "carbuncle" due to its resemblance to burning coal.
- ↑ G. Fatás, G. Borrás. Diccionario de términos de Arte y elementos de Arqueología, Heráldica u Numismática . Alianza Editorial. Madrid. 2008. ISBN 9788420636573 (Spanish)
- ↑ Another etymology of the name of the figure in question is associated with the Old French term for a similar design, boucle .
- ↑ Gustav Adelbert Seyler. Geschichte der Heraldik. Wappenwesen, Wappenkunst, Wappenwissenschaft . In: J. Siebmachers großes Wappenbuch. Band A. Repgrografischer Nachdruck der Ausgabe Nürnberg 1885-1889 (1890). Neustadt an der Aisch. 1970. pp. 85-89. (German)
- ↑ According to legend, in 1212, at the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, Sancho VII and his army managed to break the chains that surrounded the camp of the enemy Muhammad al-Nasir and capture his tent. In memory of his victory, the king nailed part of this chain in the form of a network onto his shield, decorating the center with an emerald from Muhammad's turban, which he lost while fleeing from his entourage.
- ↑ S. I. Luchitskaya “ Heraldry (inaccessible link) .” Dictionary of Medieval Culture / Ed. AND I. Gurevich - M .: “The Russian Political Encyclopedia ” (ROSSPEN), 2007. 624 p. (Series "Summa culturologiae"). ISBN 978-5-8243-0850-1 . - p. 102.
- ↑ Navarre An archived copy of September 7, 2011 on the Wayback Machine on the Héraldique européenne website - European heraldry An archived copy of February 24, 2011 on the Wayback Machine (fr.)
Literature
- Curt O. Querfurth: Kritisches Wörterbuch der heraldischen Terminologie. CH Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Nördlingen 1872, p. 82 .
- Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles (1909). A Complete Guide to Heraldry, p. 291. New York: Dodge Pub. Co. ISBN 0-517-26643-1 . LCCN 09-23803
- Giovanni Santi Mazzini History, terminology, symbols and meanings of emblems and emblems. Publisher: AST, Astrel. 2007. - Heraldry. Part 2. Section 5-6.