The history of the administrative-territorial division of Russia .
Background
In the XIV century, the unification of Russia under the rule of the Grand Duchy of Moscow began , which led to the emergence of a unified Russian state at the end of the 15th century. It consisted of counties , governed by governors , and later - governors , and divided into camps and volosts . Counties spontaneously formed from the territories of the former principalities, and therefore very varied in size [1] .
In the 17th century, military-administrative districts — discharges — consisting of several counties, became widespread in the border regions. The purpose of their creation was more successful management of a remote region in the event of an external threat [1] .
Nevertheless, the system was not sufficiently centralized - control from Moscow was weak, unable to overcome the arbitrariness on the ground, and tax collection suffered from arrears. In particular, insufficient control was expressed in the Astrakhan (1705–1706) and Bulavinsky (1707–1708) uprisings [1] .
Petrovsky Provinces
| Peter's provinces of Russia (1708-1775) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1708-1710 | Arkhan gel- sky city | Ingermanland | Poland | Sweden | Look Lensk | Reserve rye | Kiev | Siberia | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1710-1713 | St. Petersburg | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1713-1714 | Moscow | Azov | Tour- nation | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1714-1717 | Riga | N. N. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1717-1719 | Astrakhan | Kazan | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1719-1725 | Revel | Lower New city | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1725-1726 | Voronezh | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1726-1727 | Look Lensk | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1727-1744 | New city | Bel- city | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1744-1764 | Vyborg | Oren burg | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1764-1765 | New Russia | Few- Russia | Irkutsk | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1765-1772 | Slob. Ukraine ina | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1772-1775 | Pskov | Mogi- a lion | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1775 | Azov | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The First Reform of Peter I
As a result, in 1708, Tsar Peter I carried out regional reform , dividing the territory of Russia into 8 huge provinces: Moscow , Ingermanland ( Shlisselburg ; from 1710 - St. Petersburg ), Arkhangelogorod , Kiev , Smolensk , Kazan , Azov and Siberian ( Tobolsk ) [2 ] .
Instead of counties, the territory of the country was divided into cities with lands adjacent to them, as well as ranks and orders . In 1710-1713, the provinces were further divided into shares , which were controlled by the Landrats [2] .
In 1713, the Riga province was formed from the annexed part of Swedish Livonia and part of the Smolensk province, and the rest of the Smolensk province was transferred to the Moscow province. In 1714, it was transformed from the north-west of the Kazan province into the Nizhny Novgorod province . In 1717, the south of the Kazan province was transformed into the Astrakhan province . In 1717-1719, the territory of the Nizhny Novgorod province was temporarily returned to the Kazan province [2] .
Second Reform of Peter I
In 1719, a new reform was carried out: all the provinces, except Astrakhan and Revel formed in the same year, were divided into new intermediate units - the provinces , a total of 47 pieces. The shares were abolished, and the counties were returned and temporarily (until 1727) renamed into discriminatory [2] . At the head of the province was the governor , and at the head of the district - the Zemsky commissar . The existing three-level system — the province, province, and county — existed until the provincial reform of Catherine II in 1775, during which time the number of provinces grew from 8 to 20 [1] .
Also in 1719 the rest of Swedish Estonia was annexed, from which the Revel province was formed (Revel - modern Tallinn ). In 1725, the Azov province became Voronezh ( Azov was lost as a result of the Prut Peace in 1709, and Voronezh became the administrative center of the province from 1715). In 1726, the Smolensk province was re-formed - from parts of the Riga and Moscow provinces - and the number of provinces reached 12 [2] .
Changes 1727-1744
In 1727, the discords were renamed back to counties. At the same time, administrative-territorial units were crushed: instead of 166 counties, there were about 250 of them, instead of 12 provinces there were 14 of them [2] .
Belgorod province was formed from parts of Kiev , and Novgorod - from parts of St. Petersburg [2] .
In 1744, two new provinces were formed - Vyborg (from parts of St. Petersburg) and Orenburg (from parts of Kazan and Astrakhan ) - the total number of provinces reached 16, while the Baltic provinces were divided into districts instead of provinces and counties [2] .
Early Changes under Catherine II
In 1764, counties were united in many provinces. In addition, 4 new provinces were formed in 1764-1765, and 3 more in 1772-1775, and there were 23 of them [2] .
In 1764, the Irkutsk province was formed from the eponymous province of the Siberian province , and Novorossiysk ( Kremenchug ) and Little Russian ( Left-Bank Ukraine ) provinces were formed from the annexed territories, mainly the lands of the Zaporizhzhya Army . In 1765, the Sloboda-Ukrainian province (center in Kharkov ) was formed from parts of the Belgorod and Voronezh provinces (center in Kharkov ) [2] .
In 1772, after the first partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , the Mogilev and Pskov provinces were formed. In 1775, from the lands of the Ottoman Empire , annexed following the results of the Kuchuk-Kainardzhiysky world , a new Azov province was formed (different from the old one, renamed Voronezh ). In both cases, the new provinces included the lands of other provinces of Russia [2] .
Catherine provinces
Reform of Catherine II
On November 7, 1775, Catherine II signed a decree according to which the size of the provinces was reduced, their number was doubled, the provinces were liquidated (in a number of provinces areas were allocated within them) and the borders of the counties were changed. Later governorships were established. The Catherine reform was completed in 1785 , and as a result, the territory of the Russian Empire began to be divided into 38 governorates, 3 provinces ( St. Petersburg , Moscow and Pskov ) and 1 region on the basis of governorship ( Taurida ). By the end of the reign of Catherine II, Russia was divided into 50 governorates and provinces and 1 region.
XIX century
As of 1847, there were 55 provinces and 3 regions in the Russian Empire.
Since 1865, part of the provinces became “zemstvo” - the institute of local government ( zemstvo ) was introduced into them.
As of 1914, in administrative-territorial terms, Russia was divided into provinces and regions , some of which were part of the governor general . There was also one governorate - Caucasian , which also included provinces and regions. Provinces and regions were divided into counties and districts, the latter - on the volost. The provinces also included cities: provincial, district, and countyless. The cities of St. Petersburg , Moscow , Odessa , Kerch , Sevastopol , Nikolaev , Rostov-on-Don had a special status of city administrations . Most of the provinces and regions were not part of the governor generals. Three regions were also not part of the governor generals - the Turgai region ( Kustanai city), the Ural region ( Uralsk city), the Donskoy Army region ( Novocherkassk city).
The administrative-territorial division of the Russian Empire as of 1914 see
- in the article of the Province and the region of the Russian Empire in 1914 and
- in the List of Governor-Generals for 1914 section of the article Governor-General (Russian Empire) .
1914-1922 years
During this period, there is a transition from the Russian Empire to the Russian Republic, and then to the RSFSR.
The formation of the Russian Republic takes place in extremely difficult conditions: the Russian Empire was drawn into the World War, part of its territory was under German occupation, and strong nationalist movements emerged in the occupied territories. The exception is the eastern part of the Ottoman Empire - the territory of Western Armenia , liberated by the Russian army in 1917. After the February Revolution, nationalist movements also arise within the empire, and after the October Revolution and the proclamation of the RSFSR, a third force - the White Guards - is added to external enemies and nationalist movements.
As a result of continuous hostilities both on the fronts and within the country, the Russian Empire, and subsequently the RSFSR, lost the territory of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Finland forever. The provinces located in the territories of the modern states of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan also declared independence; The Emirate of Bukhara and the Khiva Khanate, formerly vassal possessions of the Russian Empire, came out of vassal dependence. In the rest of the empire, republics were formed from time to time, declaring themselves independent.
In 1921-1922 the situation began to improve: throughout the territory of the RSFSR, in Belarus, Ukraine, the Transcaucasian republics, as well as in the territories of the former Bukhara and Khorezm emirates, Soviet power was established; On the territory of the RSFSR several autonomous republics were formed.
On December 30, 1922, the Soviet Union (USSR) was created as a single state, but the BSSR (Belarus), the Ukrainian SSR (Ukraine), the RSFSR and the ZSSFR (Transcaucasia) entered there on an equal footing. Thus, for the RSFSR, as the successor of the Russian Empire, the territories of the Belarusian, Ukrainian and Transcaucasian provinces were lost. In 1940, the territory of the former Ostsei provinces of the Russian Empire also entered the USSR, but also on the rights of the Union republics, that is, these lands were also lost for the RSFSR.
RSFSR
After the creation of the RSFSR, the first national formations began to appear on its territory - autonomous Soviet socialist republics ( ASSR ), autonomous regions (AO) and national (subsequently - autonomous) districts (NO). The first Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics were formed most often from provinces with a predominantly national population, and later the corresponding Autonomous Republics were transformed into Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics. AO and NGOs were formed from a part of the territory with a predominantly national population with the preservation of the "parent" territory.
From 1923 to 1929 a reform was carried out to enlarge the regions, as a result of which, by 1930, all the provinces and regions of the RSFSR were merged into 7 territories, 6 regions and 8 ASSR, the territories and regions also included AO and NO.
Beginning in 1930, the reverse process began - the disaggregation of regions. As a result, by 1959, a territorial division had formed on the territory of the RSFSR that existed without taking into account nomenclature changes until 1992.
During the existence of the RSFSR, its territorial composition also changed. So, in 1924 the territories of modern Tajikistan , Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan were withdrawn from the RSFSR, in March 1924 and December 1926 parts of the Vitebsk (from the city of Vitebsk ), Smolensk (from the city of Orsha ), Gomel province (with the city of Gomel ) provinces were transferred to the Byelorussian SSR , in 1936 - to Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan , in 1940 the Karelian-Finnish SSR was withdrawn, in 1944 a number of areas of the abolished Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and the Karachaev Autonomous Region were transferred to the Georgian SSR , and in 1954 in the Ukrainian SSR was transferred to the Crimean Gargano Peninsula neighborhood ters [3] . In turn, the territory of Salla - Kuusamo and part of the Rybachy Peninsula from Finland (1940) were annexed to the RSFSR, in 1944 the territory of the modern Republic of Tuva (was an independent Tuva People's Republic ), the Karelian Isthmus , which was in 1940 ceded Finland and is included in the composition of the Lithuanian SSR, and from the territory of Finland was included Petsamo (included in the Murmansk region ), from the Latvian SSR was transferred Pytalovsky (now a part of the Pskov region ), in 1945 an ode to the RSFSR entered the territory of the Kaliningrad region (it was part of Germany ), part of the Sakhalin region ( southern Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands were part of Japan ), from the Estonian SSR were transferred Ivangorod (became part of Leningrad region ) and Pechora (included in Pskov oblast), in 1955, the Klukhor district was returned from the Georgian SSR, in 1956 Karelia was returned to the RSFSR, in 1957 parts of D were returned from the Georgian SSR (after the rehabilitation of the deported Caucasian peoples) Usheti district and Kazbegi district .
On February 3, 1947, the Janiskoski-Niskakoski Sector became part of the RSFSR, before being transferred to the USSR, it was part of Finland.
Russian Federation
After the collapse of the USSR, the former autonomies, regions and territories that were part of the RSFSR began to be called the subjects of the Federation, the RSFSR itself became known as the Russian Federation - Russia [4] , many former autonomies changed their names to transcribed from the language of the titular nationality. Almost all subjects of the federation within Russia concluded special “ federal treaties ” that expanded their degree of autonomy; федеративный договор отказались подписать республики Татарстан , Чеченская и Ингушская . Современный вид административно-территориальное деление России получило в 1993 году с принятием новой Конституции , а также после укрупнения ряда субъектов федерации во второй половине 2000-х годов (фактически — упразднения 6 из 10 автономных округов) и присоединения территории Крымского полуострова.
По состоянию на 2014 год административно-территориальное устройство России включало:
- 22 республики ;
- 9 краёв ;
- 46 областей ;
- 3 города федерального значения ( Москва , Санкт-Петербург и Севастополь );
- 1 автономная область ( Еврейская );
- 4 автономных округа — субъекты Федерации;
- 1866 районов ;
- 1095 городов ;
- 329 городских районов;
- 1348 посёлков городского типа ;
- 22944 сельских администраций;
- 154049 сельских населенных пунктов.
В мае 2000 года в России образовано семь федеральных округов . В январе 2010 года был образован СКФО и их стало восемь, в 2014—2016 годах существовал девятый, Крымский федеральный округ . В настоящее время существуют следующие федеральные округа:
- Центральный округ — Москва ;
- Северо-Западный округ — Санкт-Петербург ;
- Приволжский округ — Нижний Новгород ;
- Южный округ — Ростов-на-Дону ;
- Северо-Кавказский округ — Пятигорск ;
- Уральский округ — Екатеринбург ;
- Сибирский округ — Новосибирск ;
- Дальневосточный округ — Владивосток ;
Во главе каждого из них стоит полномочный представитель Президента России. Эти округа не затрагивают административно-территориального деления страны, а служат целям укрепления государственной власти.
See also
- Общероссийский классификатор объектов административно-территориального деления
- Список губерний
- Список областей Российской империи
- Ведомственные округа Российской империи
- Территория Российской империи по состоянию на 1914 год
- Федеративное устройство России
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/istoriya-razvitiya-administrativno-territorialnogo-deleniya-rossii
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 https://www.rusempire.ru/rossijskaya-imperiya/administrativno-territorialnoe-delenie-rossijskoj-imperii.html
- ↑ Часть Украины до 2014 года по российской версии, или до сих пор по украинской версии ( АР Крым )
- ↑ Конституция Российской Федерации .
Literature
- Билич Ю. С. «Из истории развития политико-административных карт СССР» // Труды Московского института инженеров геодезии, аэрофотосъемки и картографии / МИИГАиК . — М. : Геодезиздат, 1957. — Вып. XXVIII. — С. 105—111.
Links
- С. А. Тархов Изменение административно-территориального деления России за последние 300 лет (1708—1914)
- Профессор И. Г. Александров. Экономическое районирование России. Москва, 1921 год.
- Первая и вторая советская реформа административно-территориального деления в 1923—1939.
- Сайт «Территориальное устройство России».