Haplogroup L0 (mtDNA)

Haplogroup L0 - in population genetics - human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.

The haplogroup L0 is one of the two branches from the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) for the general maternal line of man. The haplogroup L0 consists of five main branches (L0a, L0b, L0d, L0f, L0k). Four of these were originally classified into L1 clauses as L1a, L1d, L1f, and L1K.

The separation of lines L0 and L1′2′3 occurred 124 thousand liters. n (95% confidence interval - 97−151 thousand ln) ^[3] .

In 2014, a sample of the 2330-year-old from South Africa (St Helena Bay) was found to have a subclade L0d2c1c ^[4] .

In 2016, the mummy from the Tuli region in the north of Botswana (Late Iron Age ) revealed the mitochondrial haplogroup L0 ^[5] .

In 2017, three Stone Age people (Ballito Bay A, Ballito Bay B and Doonside) who lived for approx. 2 thousand l. n., and one man of the Iron Age from the castle of Champagne (Champagne Castle), who lived 448-282 l. n., defined subclade L0d2 ^[6] .

In 2017, the South African sample I9133 from the Faraoskop Rock Shelter is 2,000 liters old. n subclade L0d1b2b1b was determined; sample I9134 from Kasteelberg, age 1310 l. n defined subclade L0d1a1a (uncalibrated dates). The subclade L0a is defined in the Tanzanian specimen from Pemba (I1048) 1520 years old. Malawian samples have subclades L0f (Fingira, 2400 ln. N.), L0a2 (7230 ln. N.), L0k2 (10,000–5000 ln.N.) - all from Mount Horus (Hora), L0k1 (4525 l. N.) .), L0k2 (5400–4800 ln N.) - both from Chencherere, L0d1c (5290 ln N.), L0d1b2b (5270 ln N.) - both from Fingira ^[7] .

L0a2 (most likely) is determined from the Kenyan pattern I8931 (White Rock Point (GrJb2), the southern shore of the Winam Bay (Winam Gulf) of Lake Victoria) from the late Stone Age (Later Stone Age, N / A), L0a is determined from the Tanzanian pattern I13981 ( Gishimangeda Cave, Pastoral_Neolithic (other), 2730–2460 ln.), L0a2d was determined in the Kenyan sample I8758 (Naishi Rockshelter, Pastoral_Neolithic (other), 2700–2370 ln. N.), L0f2a1 was determined in the Tanzanian pattern and the sample and didn. , Pastoral_Neolithic (other), 2000–1890 ln), L0a1d was determined in the Kenyan sample I8805 (Egerton Cave (GrJh10), Pastoral_Neolithic (Elmenteitan), 1870–1740 ln N.), L0f2a was determined in the Kenyan sample i8892 Mounds / Ilkek II (Gilgil) (GsJj66), Pastoral Iron Age, 1170–980 ln.), L0a1c1 is defined in the Kenyan sample I12381 (Laikipia District Burial Site (GoJl45), Pastoral Iron Age, 650–560 ln. N.) ^[8] .

The region in Africa where Tishkoff et al. Found the highest level of mitochondrial haplogroup L0 diversity (green) and the region where Behar et al. Postulated the oldest division in the human population (light brown)

It has been established that most often the haplogroup L0 is found in sub-Saharan Africa. It reaches its highest frequency in the Khoisan peoples (73%) ^[9] , reaching 79% in Namibi (! Xun), 83% of South Africa (Khwe /! Xun) and 100% in Botswana (! Xun) ^[10] .

When studying the mitochondrial genomes in the Behar et al. Group of koisans in 2008, we found that the ancient koisan genomes were limited to the mitochondrial haplogroup L0d and L0k, according to their estimate of the early mitochondrial branch L0k, which arose approximately 144,000 years ago, which is about 3 / 4 times the occurrence of the nearest mitochondrial relative ( mitochondrial Eve ) ^[11] . Other estimates include a branch of the mitochondrial line L0k to the period between 120,000 and 160,000 years ago ^{[12] [13]} . The divergence of the haplogroups L0d and L0a'b'f'k occurred ~ 119,000 (100,100–138,200) years ago, the divergence of the haplogroups L0k and L0a'b'f occurred ~ 98,700 years (from 82,300 to 115,400) years ago, L0a discrepancy occurred 42,400 (33,000–52,000) years ago ^[14] .

The phylogenetic tree below is based on the publication of Van Aven and Manfred Kaiser ^[2] and subsequent published studies.

• Mitochondrial Eve (MRCA)
  • L0
    • L0d
      • L0d3
      • L0d1'2
        • L0d1
          • L0d1a
          • L0d1b
          • L0d1c
            • L0d1c1
        • L0d2
          • L0d2a'b
            • L0d2a
              • L0d2a1
            • L0d2b
          • L0d2c
            • L0d2c1c ^{[15] [16]}
    • L0a'b'f'k
      • L0k
        • L0k1
        • L0k2
      • L0a'b'f
        • L0f
          • L0f1
          • L0f2
            • L0f2a
            • L0f2b
        • L0a'b
          • L0a
            • L0a1
              • L0a1a
                • L0a1a2
              • L0a1b
                • L0a1b1
                  • L0a1b1a
                • L0a1b2
              • L0a1c
              • L0a1d
            • L0a2
              • L0a2a
                • L0a2a1
                  • L0a2a1a
                    • L0a2a1a1
                    • L0a2a1a2
                • L0a2a2
                  • L0a2a2a
              • L0a2b
                • L0a2ba
              • L0a2c
              • L0a2d
            • L0a3
            • L0a4
          • L0b