Brunfelsia [3] [4] , also Brunfelsia ( lat. Brunfelsia ), less often - Franciscea [5] ( Franciscea ) - a genus of flowering plants belonging to the Solanaceae family. Shrubs and small trees hail from the tropical regions of the New World.
| Brunfelsia | |||||||||||||||||||||
 Brunfelsia low flowered | |||||||||||||||||||||
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| International scientific name | |||||||||||||||||||||
Brunfelsia [ Plum. ] L. , 1753, nom. cons. | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Synonyms | |||||||||||||||||||||
See text | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Brunfelsia americana L., 1753 [2] - American Brunfelsia | |||||||||||||||||||||
Content
- 1 Botanical Description
- 2 Value
- 3 Area
- 4 Taxonomy
- 4.1 Synonyms
- 4.2 Species
- 5 notes
- 6 Literature
- 7 References
Botanical Description
Most species are shrubs 2-3 m tall, some are trees up to 10-12 m ( American Brunfelsia , Brunfelsia jamaicensis , Brunfelsia lactea ), while others are small, not more than 1 m tall ( Brunfelsia broadleaf ). Adult plants with a developed stem root, sometimes branched. As a rule, bare plants, young leaves and twigs and buds can be pubescent.
The leaves are alternate, along all branches or condensed at the apex, sometimes almost whorled, on petioles no more than 1 cm long, often almost sessile. The leaf blade is simple, whole, membranous to leathery, in most species from elliptical to lanceolate or from obovate to reverse lanceolate, rarely scapular, ovate, linear, 1-30 cm long and 0.1-15 cm wide, often varying greatly in size species limits depending on environmental conditions. The color is green of various intensities ( Brunfelsia splendida is almost black), paler on the underside, young leaves with a purple hue in some species.
Inflorescences are apical or axillary, monochasic , usually small-flowered (single flowers in some species), flowers often almost sessile (in Brunfelsia mire and Brunfelsia hydrangeiformis the inflorescences resemble heads), only in Brunfelsia grandiflora and Brunfelsia brasiliensis on fairly long pedicels. Five -membered flowers , slightly zygomorphic, in some species large, fragrant, blooming at night, in other species smaller and not odorous, blooming during the day. Calyx actinomorphic or slightly zygomorphic, bell-shaped or tubular, 3–35 mm long, with five triangular, lanceolate or ovate lobes, glabrous or with glandular or simple pubescence, pale green, yellowish or lilac. The color of the corolla in many species changes during flowering: first white, then yellow or first purple, then fading to white, in some small-flowered species it is constantly greenish-white. Stamens , including four, in two pairs in the upper part of the corolla, alternate with three upper petals, with ends bent inward, two of them growing along the corolla tube over almost the entire length and free only by 2-5 mm, the other two can protrude from tube. The ovary is ovoid or conical, two-nested, sometimes the septum between the nests is destroyed during development. The column of the pestle is approximately equal to the corolla tube.
The fruit is a box , the structure of which varies greatly among different species, thin-walled and fragile to fleshy or woody, ovoid or spherical, 1-5 cm long. The surface is smooth or uneven, often mesh, green, brown, yellow, orange. Seeds are oblong to ovoid, parts angular or oblate, 2–13 mm long and 1–7 mm thick, red-brown in color.
Value
A number of species of the genus, in particular, Brunfelsia grandiflora and Brunfelsia uniflora , are added to the traditional hallucinogenic drink Ayahuasca .
Brunfelsia have a neurotoxic effect, can cause severe cattle poisoning. The main toxic substance is brunfelsamidine , a derivative of pyrrole and guanidine .
Range
Species of the genus are common in the West Indies and in South America. The widest range of Brunfelsia American. To the north of Panama, Brunfelsia does not occur under natural conditions. 11 species - endemic to Cuba , 6 - Jamaica , 3 - Puerto Rico , 1 - Haiti .
Taxonomy
Brunfelsia L. Species Plantarum 1: 191 . 1753. nom. et orth. cons .; Brunsfelsia [6] [7]
The genus is named after Otto Brunfels (1488-1534), a German monk who left the Carthusian monastery in 1521 and accepted Protestantism, then decided to study botany and medicine, and in 1530 received a doctorate in medicine from the University of Basel.
Synonyms
- Brunfelsiopsis ( Urb. ) Post & Kuntze , 1903
- Franciscea Pohl , 1826
Views
According to the database of The Plant List (2013), the genus includes 47 species [8] .
- Brunfelsia acunae Hadač , 1970
- Brunfelsia amazonica CVMorton , 1949
- Brunfelsia americana L., 1753 typus [2] - American Brunfelsia
- Brunfelsia australis Benth. , 1846
- Brunfelsia bahiensis Benth., 1846
- Brunfelsia boliviana Plowman , 1981
- Brunfelsia bonodora ( Vell. ) JFMacbr. , 1930
- Brunfelsia brasiliensis ( Spreng. ) LBSm. & Downs , 1966
- Brunfelsia burchellii Plowman, 1981
- Brunfelsia cestroides A.Rich. , 1850
- Brunfelsia chiricaspi Plowman, 1973
- Brunfelsia chocoensis Plowman, 1973
- Brunfelsia clandestina Plowman, 1981
- Brunfelsia clarensis Britton & P. Wilson , 1920
- Brunfelsia cuneifolia JASchmidt , 1862
- Brunfelsia densifolia Krug & Urb., 1895
- Brunfelsia dwyeri D'Arcy , 1971
- Brunfelsia grandiflora D.Don , 1829 - Brunfelsia grandiflora
- Brunfelsia grisebachii Amshoff , 1956
- Brunfelsia guianensis Benth., 1846
- Brunfelsia hydrangeiformis (Pohl) Benth., 1846 - Large-leaved Brunfelsia
- Brunfelsia imatacana Plowman, 1981
- Brunfelsia jamaicensis (Benth.) Griseb. , 1862
- Brunfelsia lactea Krug & Urb., 1895
- Brunfelsia latifolia (Pohl) Benth., 1846 - Broadleaf Brunfelsia
- Brunfelsia linearis Ekman ex Urb., 1925
- Brunfelsia macrocarpa Plowman, 1973
- Brunfelsia macroloba Urb., 1924
- Brunfelsia maliformis Urb., 1903
- Brunfelsia martiana Plowman, 1974
- Brunfelsia membranacea Urb., 1908
- Brunfelsia mire Monach. 1953
- Brunfelsia nitida Benth., 1846
- Brunfelsia obovata Benth., 1846
- Brunfelsia pauciflora (Cham. & Schltdl.) Benth., 1846 - Brunfelsia is less-flowered , or cup-shaped brunfelsia , or cup brunfelsia , or cup-shaped brunfelsia.
- Brunfelsia picardae Krug & Urb., 1895
- Brunfelsia pilosa Plowman, 1974
- Brunfelsia plicata Urb., 1909
- Brunfelsia pluriflora Urb., 1924
- Brunfelsia portoricensis Krug & Urb., 1895
- Brunfelsia purpurea Griseb., 1863
- Brunfelsia rupestris Plowman, 1981
- Brunfelsia shaferi Britton & P. Wilson, 1920
- Brunfelsia sinuata A.Rich., 1850
- Brunfelsia splendida Urb., 1908
- Brunfelsia undulata Sw. , 1788
- Brunfelsia uniflora (Pohl) D.Don, 1829
Notes
- ↑ For the conventionality of indicating the class of dicotyledons as a superior taxon for the plant group described in this article, see the APG Systems section of the Dicotyledonous article .
- ↑ 1 2 Information about the genus Brunfelsia (English) in the Index Nominum Genericorum database of the International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT) .
- ↑ Vasilchenko, 1981 .
- ↑ Russian name of the taxon - according to the following edition:
- Schroeter A.I. , Panasyuk V.A. Dictionary of Plant Names = Dictionary of Plant Names / Int. union biol. Sciences, Nat. Biologists of Russia, Vseros. instit lek. and aromatic. plants Ros. agricultural farm. academies; Ed. prof. V.A. Bykova. - Koenigstein: Koeltz Scientific Books, 1999 .-- S. 124. - 1033 p. - ISBN 3-87429-398-X .
- ↑ Francisca // Feeder - Fourierism. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1956. - P. 437. - ( Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 51 vols.] / Ch. Ed. B. A. Vvedensky ; 1949-1958, vol. 45).
- ↑ D'Arcy, Taxon 38: 510 (1989)
- ↑ Taxon 42: 693 (1993)
- ↑ Brunfelsia (English) . The Plant List . Version 1.1. (2013). Date of appeal September 19, 2016.
Literature
- Vasilchenko I.T. Solanaceae family // Plant Life : in 6 tons / ch. ed. A. L. Takhtadzhyan . - M .: Education , 1981. - T. 5. Part 2: Flowering plants / ed. A. L. Takhtadzhyana. - S. 420. - 512 p. - 300,000 copies.
- Plowman, TC A Revision of the South American Species of Brunfelsia (Solanaceae) // Fieldiana: Botany. - 1998. - No. 39 . - S. 1—124 .
Links
- Brunfelsia (English) : Tropicos taxon information.