Philippine american war

In 1896 , massive uprisings against Spanish rule began in the Philippines. But Philippine patriots lacked the support of a strong country. This was found in the face of the United States. The American government has promised the Filipino people to declare the Philippines an independent power. In April 1898, the United States launched military operations against Spain under the pretext of ^[11] helping the rebellious nationalists of Cuba, the Philippines and Puerto Rico . Spain , which has held these countries under its rule since the 16th century, has lost the war. The United States greatly helped countries that wanted to gain independence from Spain by defeating Spanish troops and forcing them to withdraw from the territory of the colonies. However, after the war, the USA was not only in no hurry to these countries, but also did not plan to provide the promised independence. The Philippines declared their independence from Spain on June 12, 1898 (exactly 2 months before the end of the Spanish-American war), the Spaniards really controlled only the capital and its environs. However, the United States did not recognize the independence of the Philippines and on December 10, 1898, the United States bought the Philippines from Spain for $ 20 million, according to the Paris Peace Treaty of 1898, signed after the end of the Spanish-American War. Now the Philippines was under the auspices of the United States, which was not included in the plans of the Philippine Republicans.

The immediate cause of the war between the United States and the Philippines was the incident that occurred on the night of February 4, 1899 on the San Juan Bridge, near Manila. An American soldier shot and killed a Filipino who entered a US base. The American soldier tried to stop the Filipino, but he did not know English, and the American opened fire.

Already after a couple of hours, real hostilities began. The US Army quickly defeated the poorly armed and unprepared Republican army commanded by Emilio Aguinaldo . The battle took place near the capital of the Philippines ( February 4-5 ). In this battle, 12,000 Americans easily defeated 15,000 Aguinaldo’s army, losing just 50-60 killed and 225 wounded (Filipinos lost 2,000 killed and wounded) ^[12] . The defeat of Aguinaldo seemed inevitable. But Aguinaldo managed to escape with the remnants of his troops in the impregnable northern mountains.

On August 11, 1899, 11,000 soldiers were sent by America to stop the Republican Army. But the guerrilla war was in full swing, so the American army suffered heavy losses in the early stages of the war. Initially, there were only 40,000 American soldiers in the Philippines, but over the next two years the occupation army had to be more than tripled.

With the outbreak of war in the government of the Philippines, feuds began over the fate of the country. President of the Republic E. Aguinaldo, P. Paterno and others. May 7, 1899 removed from power the head of the republican government of the Democrat A. Mabini. On July 5, 1899, they organized the assassination of the commander-in-chief of the troops, General A. Moon, who stood for uncompromising resistance to the invaders. By the beginning of 1900 , the regular republican army broke up into separate detachments, which switched to guerrilla operations. The independent Philippine Republic has virtually ceased to exist.

March 23, 1901 the Americans captured Aginaldo. On April 1, 1901 in Manila, Aguinaldo vowed to recognize the United States' authority over the Philippines and assured the American government of his allegiance. Three weeks later, he publicly turned to his brothers, urging them to lay down their arms. But the capture of Aguinaldo did not make the Philippine patriots the impression that the US government was expecting. New partisan units were formed, led by General Miguel Malvar . The war has resumed. In April 1902, morally depressed, Malvar surrendered to the Americans with his sick wife and children. His 3000 best warriors surrendered with him. In fact, Malwar was the last combat-ready general in the Philippines. Major Philippine leaders recognized the American victory. But in parts of the Philippines — a country scattered across a large number of islands — partisan units continued the war until 1913.

The war cost the United States $ 600 million (at that time a huge amount). The Philippines became a dependent territory of the United States and only in 1935 they received autonomy status within the United States. The Philippines was finally granted independence in 1946.

• Spanish american war
• Philippines # American Period (1898-1946)
• Project: History / Lists / List of wars of the XX century

• Burdeos, Ray L. (2008), Filipinos in the US Navy & Coast Guard During the Vietnam War , AuthorHouse, ISBN 978-1-4343-6141-7 , < https://books.google.com/?id=tN__4jLTnd8C >  
• Hack, Karl & Rettig, Tobias (2006), Colonial armies in Southeast Asia , Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-33413-6 , < https://books.google.com/books?id=IFNrC0lVLvAC >  
• Smallman-Raynor, Matthew (January 1998), " The Philippines Insurrection and the 1902-4 cholera epidemic: Part I - Epidemiological diffusion processes in war ", Journal of Historical Geography Vol. 24 (1): 69–89 , DOI 10.1006 / jhge.1997.0077  
• Deady, Timothy K. Lessons from a Successful Counterinsurgency: The Philippines, 1899-1902 (Eng.) // Parameters: journal. - Carlisle, Pennsylvania: United States Army War College, 2005. - Vol. 35 , no. 1 . - P. 53-68 . Archived December 10, 2016.

• http://onwar.com/aced/chrono/c1800s/yr95/fphilippines1899.htm
• http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat3.htm#Phil-Am
• The American-Philippine War of 1899-1901 - an article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia .