The elections to the Constituent Assembly ( Spanish Cortes Constituyentes ) of 1931 in Spain were held in two stages, the first of which took place on June 28 , and became the first elections in the period of the Second Republic . Voter turnout was 70.13% of voters.
← 1923  1933 → | |||
| Legislative Election in Spain | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Constituent Assembly Elections | |||
| June 28, 1931 | |||
| Voter turnout | 70.13% | ||
 |  |  | |
| Party head | Julian Besteiro | Alejandro Lerrus | Marcelino Domingo |
| The consignment | Spanish Socialist Workers Party [1] | Radical Republican Party [1] | Radical Socialist Republican Party [1] |
| Seats received | 117 ( ▲ 108) | 90 ( ▲ 83) | 59 (First time) |
| Past number of seats | 7 [2] | 7 [2] | - |
| Election result | The coalition of leftist and centrist parties won the Union of Republicans and Socialists, gaining more than 3/4 seats in the Congress of Deputies
| ||
The election ended in the triumph of a broad coalition of Spanish Republicans, the Union of Republicans and Socialists. The socialists and left republicans succeeded most of all, only the radicals successfully came out of the centrists and right republicans, while the monarchists were dealt a severe blow. As a result, the majority in parliament received leftists ( socialists , radical socialists and Republican action ), which led to the so-called reformist biennium of 1931-1933. At the same time, as a result of a compromise, the first Prime Minister of the Republic was the leader of a small party, the Republican Liberal Right, Niseto Alcalá Zamora i Torres . [one]
Background
Spain experienced a severe political crisis in the first half of the 1920s . The actual bankruptcy of the bipartisan system established by Antonio Canovas del Castillo in the 1880s , caused by the authorities' inability to defeat unions and anarchist terror , failures in the war against reef rebels in Northern Morocco , and ongoing conflicts between factions within the dominant Liberal and Liberal conservative led to the coup on September 13, 1923 . The Spanish Constitution of 1876 was suspended, the government and parliament were dissolved , and censorship was introduced. In Spain, with the consent of King Alfonso , the dictatorship of General Miguel Primo de Rivera was established.
The general managed to turn the tide in Morocco, where the Spanish army had previously suffered a series of sensitive defeats, suppress the revolutionary movement and achieve economic growth . However, the fundamental problems facing the country have not been resolved. Against the backdrop of public discontent, Primo de Rivera was forced to resign on January 28, 1930 . [2] The King and the Spanish establishment have lost confidence in the military government, but also return to the Peace Turn system ( Spanish El Turno Pacífico ), created by Canovas, in which two “official” (dynastic) parties took turns replacing each other’s authorities, not allowing the growth of contradictions between them into a political crisis, it was not possible. [2]
The king appoints General Damaso Berenguer the new head of government , but he is unable to provide a viable alternative. [3] In the municipal elections of April 12, 1931, the monarchist parties were extremely unsuccessful in large cities. Encouraged by the success of the Republicans, despite the fact that the whole country lost, they brought their supporters to the streets of Madrid , Barcelona and other cities. The commander of the Civil Guard, H. Sanhurho, told the king that he would not be able to disperse the demonstrations. The king renounced and decided to leave the country. [4] [5] On April 14, leaders of leading republican parties formed the Provisional Government, calling for election on the June 28, 1931 Constituent Assembly. That was the beginning of the Second Spanish Republic . [3] [6]
The second republic was a source of hope for the poorest Spaniards and posed a potential threat to the richest, but at first it enjoyed widespread support from all walks of life. Even wealthy landowners and the middle class adopted the republic due to the lack of any suitable alternatives. [7]
Election System
A decree of June 3, 1931 established that the Constituent Cortes would consist of one chamber, thereby eliminating the upper house, the Senate , and turning the Spanish parliament into a unicameral . The powers of the Cortes were significantly expanded, the number of deputies was also increased from 409 to 470. It was decided that the vote on the election of deputies would be held on June 28 , and the first session would be held on July 14 , the anniversary of the assault on the Bastille in 1789 , from which the French Revolution began .
The elections were to be held in accordance with the election law of 1907 , in which significant changes were introduced by decree of May 8, 1931. The previously existing single-mandate constituencies were replaced by much larger multi- member constituencies , uniting entire provinces and large cities with a population of more than 100,000 inhabitants [8] ( Madrid , Barcelona , Valencia , Bilbao , Seville , Zaragoza , Malaga , Cordoba , Granada and Murcia ), in which deputies were elected by a mixed system. Thanks to this, one member of Congress is now elected from 50,000 people. [8] One of the reasons for the enlargement of the constituencies was the desire to break the traditional Spanish system of coercion to vote and falsification of election results, which was based on the influence of local "bosses", the so-called cassic . The controversial 29th article of the 1907 election law, which under certain conditions allowed the candidate to become elected without a vote, was also repealed. [9]
The electoral list, which gained an absolute majority of votes in the district, received 80% of the mandates. [10] If the winning list failed to win a majority of the votes, he received two-thirds of the seats. The remaining mandates went to the second list, provided that he received at least 20% of the vote. Voters could vote for several candidates at once, so if 10 places were won in the district, then each voter could vote for 8 people. [8] The new electoral system was beneficial to multi-party coalitions, which could thus receive a majority of the vote [11] , since the winner of the vote received a significant bonus.
Elections were to be held on the basis of universal suffrage , but only with the participation of male voters over 23 years of age. Women still could not vote in the elections, at the same time they received the right to be elected to parliament, as well as priests. For the first time in the history of Spain , three women became deputies in the 1931 elections (radical socialist Victoria Kent, radical republican Clara Campoamor and socialist Margarita Nelken). The right to vote for women in Spain was introduced in December 1931 after the adoption of the new Constitution . For the first time, women were able to vote in parliamentary elections in November 1933 , earlier than women in France and many other European countries . [12]
Campaign
The first round of constituent assembly elections was held on June 28, 1931. The second round took place on July 12 , but actually dragged on until November 8 , given the partial elections appointed to fill the vacant seats. Elections were held shortly after the proclamation of the Spanish Republic in order to draft a new constitution. To participate in them, a broad coalition of the Union of Republicans and Socialists was formed, which included from the extreme left Marxists from the ISRP to the center-right liberals. Right-wing conservative monarchists failed to recover quickly from the fall of the monarchy and remained disorganized without presenting their candidates in some districts. In only one region, the Basque Country , the right were active and were able to successfully stand for election. [11] Many monarchists sided with the Republicans, adopting their slogans and rhetoric, even though sometimes they had little in common with them. So, in Asturias, one of these groups went to the polls under the controversial name of the "Monarchist Republican Party." [eleven]
Officially, the authorities should not have interfered in the course of the election campaign and voting. Nevertheless, in some areas special republican patrols were created, which undoubtedly influenced both the conduct of campaigning and the voting results. [13] The Republican-Socialist coalition dominated, almost without encountering obstacles to its agitation.
The Republican Liberal Right Party, led by former liberal Niseto Alcalá Zamora-i-Torres and Miguel Maura , the son of one of the leaders of the Conservatives , positioned herself as moderately Republican and Catholic, addressing conservative voters, primarily right-wing and moderate monarchists. The party nominated 116 candidates throughout Spain, but could not achieve much success, largely due to poor organization of its campaign. [14]
The radical republican party led by Alejandro Lerrus , like the right-wing liberals, also appealed to the moderately conservative part of society, while being much more successful in attracting voters. Such conservatism was at odds with most Republicans, who deemed necessary more active and deeper reforms in order to improve the situation in the country. So, one of the leaders of the radical socialists , Alvaro de Albornos , demanding a radical reorganization of Spanish society and the state, said that there was nothing that should have been mothballed. [14] Manuel Asaña and Diaz , a former member of the Reformist Party of Melchiades Alvarez and a prominent opponent of the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera and the monarchy, took a close position. Having established the Republican Action Party, he advocated the rapid change in the political system. Asanya Diaz hated the moderation and compromise shown by moderate Republicans such as Lerrus. [14]
The Spanish Socialist Workers Party , while a Marxist organization, occupied a place on the far left flank of the political spectrum. One of the key figures in the party, Francisco Largo Caballero , considered it necessary to carry out a legal revolution in Spain. At the same time, the socialists entered into a coalition with moderately left and even right-wing republicans, viewing the Union of Republicans and Socialists as a stepping stone to building a fully socialist state. [14]
In general, most republican parties, especially on the left, argued that the new constitution should be not only the supreme law of the state, but also an instrument of "transforming Spain in all aspects and all its legal, political and social institutions." [15]
Results
On June 28, 470 members of the Congress of Deputies were elected. The lowest turnout, 56%, was recorded in Ceuta ; the highest, 88%, in Palencia . On average, turnout was higher in the north than in the south. Overall, turnout was 70.11%. [sixteen]
The coalition of leftist and centrist parties, the Union of Republicans and Socialists , confidently won the election, gaining 72.92% of the vote, which provided her with 368 seats (78.30%) in the Congress of Deputies. The leading parties of the coalition were Marxists from the Spanish Socialist Workers Party , the centrist Radical Republican Party and leftists from the Radical Socialist Republican Party , who won 264 seats in total (56.17%). The socialists received about 2 million votes, the Republicans - 1.7 million, the radical socialists - 1.35 million and the right-wing liberal Republicans - 0.95 million. [17]
Coalition Election Results
| Coalitions (parties) | Vote | Places | Notes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # | % | Places | % | |||
| Union of Republicans and Socialists | Spanish Conjunción Republicano-Socialista, CRS | 1,387,800 | 34.28 | 193 | 41.06 | Including socialists, radical republicans, radical socialists, Republican action , right-wing liberals, federal democrats, and the Republic Service Association |
| Left coalition | Spanish Coalición de Izquierdas | 361 900 | 8.94 | 53 | 11.28 | Including Socialists, Radical Socialists, Republican Action and the Republic Service Association |
| Radical Republican Party | Spanish Partido Republicano Radical, PRR | 308,000 | 7.60 | 28 | 5.96 | Including jointly with the Republican Liberal Law |
| Spanish Socialist Workers Party | Spanish Partido Socialista Obrero Español, PSOE | 227,400 | 5.62 | 27 | 0.43 | Including jointly with the Republic Service Association |
| Galician Republican Federation | galis. Federación Republicana Gallega, FRG | 151,100 | 3.73 | 24 | 5.11 | Including, together with socialists, radical republicans, radical socialists, right-wing liberals, nationalist republicans and autonomic agrarians |
| Coalition of Radicals and Radical Socialists | Spanish Coalición Radical - Rad.Socialista | 121,200 | 2.99 | 14 | 2.98 | Including, together with Republican action and right-wing liberals |
| Radical Socialist Republican Party | Spanish Partido Republicano Radical Socialista, PRRS | 143,100 | 3.53 | 13 | 2.77 | Data from 15 constituencies where the party performed solo |
| Republican Liberal Right | Spanish Derecha Liberal Republicana, DLR | 177,600 | 4.39 | eight | 1.70 | Including together with the federalists in Soria |
| Federal Democratic Republican Party | Spanish Partido Republicano Democrático Federal, PRDF | 43,000 | 1.06 | 7 | 1.49 | Together with Independent Federalists |
| Party Catalan Republic | cat. Partit Catalanista Republicà, PCR | 12,600 | 0.31 | one | 0.21 | |
| Republican action | Spanish Acción Republicana, AR | 19,200 | 0.47 | 0 | - | Data on constituencies in Toledo , Salamanca , Almeria and Alicante , where the party performed solo |
| Union of Republicans and Socialists | Spanish Conjunción Republicano-Socialista, CRS | 2 952 900 | 72.92 | 368 | 78.30 | |
| Catalan left | cat. Esquerra catalana | 220 900 | 5.54 | 26 | 5.53 | Including Republican Left of Catalonia, Socialist Union of Catalonia and Independent Federalists |
| Catalan Republican Coalition | cat. Coalició Catalana Republicana | 110 900 | 2.74 | eleven | 2,34 | Including Left Republicans, Radical Republicans, Federal Democrats, and the Catalan Republic Party |
| RLK and radical socialists | cat. ERC - Radical Socialistas | 58 300 | 1.36 | five | 1.06 | Including Left Republicans, Radical Socialists, and Left Catalan Radical Socialists |
| Catalan left | cat. Esquerra catalana | 390,100 | 9.64 | 42 | 8.94 | |
| Farmers | Spanish Agrarios | 137,300 | 3.41 | 17 | 3.62 | Including agrarian republicans, rightists and others, as well as a coalition with agrarian Catholics (traditionalists) in Burgos , Republican Catholics in Segovia and right-wing liberals in Valladolid and Salamanca |
| National action | Spanish Acción Nacional, AN | 56,000 | 1.38 | 3 | 0.64 | |
| Candidates of landowners and National Action | Spanish Candidaturas de Agrarios y AN | 39,000 | 0.96 | four | 0.85 | General listings in Cuenca and Palencia |
| Independent right | Spanish Independientes de derechas | 18 500 | 0.46 | 0 | - | |
| Independent Catholics | Spanish Católicos independientes | 6 900 | 0.17 | 0 | - | In 8 counties |
| Valencia Regional Right | Spanish Derecha Regional Valenciana, DRV | 3,700 | 0.09 | 0 | - | Withdrew from the election |
| Rights | Spanish Derechas | 261,400 | 6.47 | 24 | 5.11 | |
| Coalition for the Autonomy of Navarra | Spanish Coalición pro-Estatuto de Estella | 105 900 | 2.62 | 12 | 2,55 | General List of Basque Nationalists, Carlist, Traditionalist Catholics and Independents in Gipuzkoa , Navarre and Biscay |
| Basque Nationalist Party | Basque. Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea, EAJ | 27 900 | 0.69 | 2 | 0.43 | |
| Traditional communion | Spanish Comunión Tradicionalista, CT | 11,400 | 0.28 | one | 0.21 | |
| Basque Nationalists - Traditionalists of Navarra | Spanish Nacionalista Vasco - Tradicionalista Navarros | 145,200 | 3,59 | 15 | 3.19 | |
| Galician party | galis. Partido Galeguista, PG | 31,600 | 0.78 | five | 1.06 | Together with independent Galician regionalists and Galician radical farmers |
| Republican Liberal Democratic Party | Spanish Partido Republicano Liberal Demócrata, PRLD | 25 100 | 0.62 | one | 0.21 | Shortly before the election, she left the Union of Republicans ( Spanish Conjunción Republicana, CR ) and its main list in the province of Oviedo (now Asturias ) |
| Republican Party Center | Spanish Partido Republicano de Centro, PRCe | 22,700 | 0.56 | 2 | 0.43 | Run for Balearic with the support of the Mallorca Regionalist Party |
| Support the Republic | Spanish Apoyo a la República, AAR | 17,500 | 0.43 | 3 | 0.64 | Another name - Constitutionalists isp. Constitucionalistas . Founded with the participation of the last leader of the Liberal Conservative Party, Jose Sanchez Guerro. They ran for Cordoba , Huesca , Las Palmas , Zaragoza and Madrid (a member of the Republican Liberal Democratic Party was included in the list) |
| Provincial Republican Association | Spanish Agrupación Republicana Provincial, ARP | 16 500 | 0.41 | 2 | 0.43 | |
| Basque nationalist action | Basque. Eusko Abertzale Ekintza, EAE | 3 100 | 0.08 | 0 | - | |
| Other Independent Republicans | 13 100 | 0.33 | 0 | - | ||
| Independent Republicans | Spanish Republicanos independientes | 129,600 | 3.21 | 13 | 2.77 | |
| Regional League of Catalonia | cat. Lliga Regionalista de Catalunya, LRC | 79,600 | 1.97 | 3 | 0.64 | In a coalition with the Carlists in Barcelona ( province and city ) and Tarragona , with landowners in Lleida and right-wing liberals in Girona |
| Communist Party of Spain | Spanish Partido Comunista de España, PCE | 31 300 | 0.77 | 0 | Communists in all districts spoke only individually | |
| Revolutionary radical socialists | Spanish Radical Socialista Revolucionario, RSR | 23 300 | 0.57 | one | 0.21 | They participated in the elections together with the Anti-Fascist Revolutionary Left in Andalusia and Ceuta and independently in Madrid and Oviedo |
| Leftist Federal Party | Spanish Partido de Extrema Izquierda Federal, PEIF | 12 300 | 0.30 | 2 | 0.43 | Only in Barcelona (as Far Left Federalists) and Cáceres (as Republicans in the service of the people) participated in the elections |
| Worker-peasant bloc | Spanish Bloque Obrero y Campesino, BOC | 4,700 | 0.12 | 0 | - | Communists are Trotskyists . Only individually participated in the elections and only in Catalonia and Madrid |
| Independent Socialists | Spanish Socialistas independientes | 6,800 | 0.17 | 0 | - | Participated in elections in Almeria , Seville and Palencia |
| Far left | Spanish Extrema Izquierda | 78,400 | 1.93 | 3 | 0.64 | |
| Monarchical union | Spanish Unión Monárquica, UM | 3 900 | 0.10 | one | 0.21 | Participated in the elections in Ourense |
| Independent Monarchists | Spanish Monárquicos independientes | 6 900 | 0.17 | one | 0.21 | They participated in the elections in Guadalajara (the liberal Count Count Romanones defeated), Granada and Malaga |
| Monarchists | Spanish Monárquicos | 10 800 | 0.27 | 2 | 0.43 | |
| Turnout | 4 045 300 | 100.00 | 470 | 100 | ||
A source:
| ||||||
Party election results
| Parties and coalitions | Leader | Places | Notes | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Places | +/− | % | ||||||||
| Spanish Socialist Workers Party | Spanish Partido Socialista Obrero Español, PSOE | Julian Besteiro | 115 | ▲ 108 | 24.47 | |||||
| Socialist Union of Catalonia | cat. Unió Socialista de Catalunya, USC | Gabriel Alomar | four | - | 0.85 | |||||
| The revolutionary radical socialists [~ 1] | Spanish Radical Socialista Revolucionaria, RSR | Jose Antonio Balbonntin | 2 | - | 0.43 | |||||
| Leftist Federal Party | Spanish Partido de Extrema Izquierda Federal, PEIF | Antonio Jimenez | 2 | - | 0.43 | Anarchist wing of Republican federalists | ||||
| Communist Party of Spain | Spanish Partido Comunista de España, PCE | H. Bugallos | 0 | - | - | |||||
| Worker-peasant bloc | Spanish Bloque Obrero y Campesino, BOC | Joaquin Maurin | 0 | - | - | |||||
| All Marxists and Anarchists | 125 | ▲ 118 [~ 2] | 26.60 | Including 2 independent extreme left federalists | ||||||
| Radical Republican Party | Spanish Partido Republicano Radical, PRR | Alejandro Lerrus | 90 | ▲ 83 | 19.15 | |||||
| Republican Liberal Right | Spanish Derecha Liberal Republicana, DLR | Niseto Alcalá Zamora y Torres | 25 | ▲ 19 [~ 3] | 5.32 | |||||
| Republican Liberal Democratic Party | Spanish Partido Republicano Liberal Demócrata, PRLD | Melkiades Alvarez | four | ▼ 13 [~ 4] | 0.85 | |||||
| Republican Party Center | Spanish Partido Republicano de Centro, PRCe | Juan March | 2 | - | 0.49 | |||||
| Support the Republic | Spanish Apoyo a la República, AAR | Angel Ossorio y Gallardo, Jose Sanchez Guerro | 2 | - | 0.49 | |||||
| Provincial Republican Association | Spanish Agrupación Republicana Provincial, ARP | Nicacio Velayos | 2 | - | 0.49 | Agrarian Republicans of Avila | ||||
| Centrists and Right-wing Republicans | 129 | ▲ 106 [~ 5] | 27.45 | Including 4 independent Republicans (liberals, landowners, Catholics) | ||||||
| Radical Socialist Republican Party | Spanish Partido Republicano Radical Socialista, PRRS | Marcelino Domingo , варlvaro de Albornos | 59 | - | 12.55 | |||||
| Republican action | Spanish Acción Republicana, AR | Manuel Asana | 26 | - | 5.53 | |||||
| Federal Democratic Republican Party | Spanish Partido Republicano Democrático Federal, PRDF | Joaquin Pi-i-Arsuaga | sixteen | ▲ 14 | 3.40 | Included in her lists several independent | ||||
| Republic Service Association | Spanish La Agrupación al Servicio de la República, ASR | Jose Ortega y Gasset | 13 | - | 2.77 | Created by a group of leftist intellectuals | ||||
| Left Catalan radical socialists | Spanish Esquerra Catalana Radical Socialista, ECRS | Ramon Noguez | 2 | First time | 2.77 | |||||
| Left Republicans | 122 | ▲ 120 | 25.96 | Including Six Independent Left Republicans | ||||||
| Republican Left of Catalonia | cat. Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya, ERC | Francesc Masiah | 29th | - | 4.89 | Including five independent Catalan left Republicans | ||||
| Galician Republican Federation | galis. Federación Republicana Gallega, FRG | Santiago Casares Quiroga | 14 | - | 2.98 | Created as a union of the Autonomous Galician Republican Organization, the Galician Regionalist Association and a group of independent Galician regionalists | ||||
| Republican Nationalist Party Ourense | galis. Partido Nazonalista Republicán de Ourense, PNzR | Ramon Otero Pedraio | one | - | 0.21 | Later merged with the Galician Republican Federation | ||||
| Left nationalists | 44 | ▲ 27 [~ 6] | 5.87 | |||||||
| Basque Nationalist Party | Basque. Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea, EAJ | Jose A. Aguirre | 7 | ▲ 6 | 1.49 | |||||
| Regional League of Catalonia | cat. Lliga Regionalista de Catalunya, LRC | Francesc Cambo , Pilar Raola | 2 | ▼ 18 | 0.43 | |||||
| Party Catalan Republic | cat. Partit Catalanista Republicà, PCR | Lewis Nicolau and d'Olver | 2 | - | 0.43 | Created in March 1931 as a result of the unification of the Catalan action and the Republican action of Catalonia | ||||
| Republican Agrarian Party for Autonomy | Spanish Partido Agrario Republicano Autonomista, PARA | Manuel Portela Valladares | one | - | 0.21 | Agrarian Republicans of Galicia | ||||
| Regionalists and Nationalists - Centrists and Right | 20 | ▼ 1 [~ 7] | 4.26 | Including 5 independent Galician regionalists and three independent Catalan separatists | ||||||
| Independent farmers and right | Spanish Agrarios independientes e derecha | Antonio Royo Villanova | 15 | - | 3.19 | Including agrarian liberals and independent Tenerife | ||||
| National action | Spanish Acción Nacional, AN | Angel Herrera Arya | five | - | 1.06 | Later transformed into Popular Action; in 1933 - to the Spanish Confederation of Independent Right | ||||
| Rights | 20 | - | 4.26 | |||||||
| Traditional communion | Spanish Comunión Tradicionalista, CT | Jose Selva Merkhelina | four | ▬ | 0.85 | |||||
| Roman Catholics | Spanish Católico Agrarios, CA | Jose Maria Lamamie de Clairac | 3 | - | 0.64 | |||||
| Traditional catholic party | Spanish Partido Católico Tradicionalista | Marcelino Nut | one | ▬ 1 | 0.21 | |||||
| Monarchical union | Spanish Unión Monárquica, UM | Jose Calvo Sotelo | one | - | 0.25 | |||||
| Monarchists and traditionalists | ten | - | 2.13 | Including an independent liberal monarchist | ||||||
| Total | 470 | ▲ 61 | 100 | |||||||
A source:
| ||||||||||
- ↑ Associated with the Anti-Fascist Revolutionary Left Party ( Spanish: Izquierda Revolucionaria Antifascista, IRA )
- ↑ Given the Socialist Deputies elected in the 1923 election
- ↑ Given the deputies from the Nisetistas liberals elected in the 1923 election
- ↑ Given the Deputies of the Reform Party elected in the 1923 election
- ↑ Given the deputies from the Nisetistas liberals and the Reform Party, elected in the 1923 election
- ↑ Given the two independent Catalan Republican nationalists elected in the 1923 election
- ↑ Considering the deputies elected from the Regionalist League of Catalonia and the Basque Nationalist Party in the 1923 election
Regional Results
The most successful at the provincial level was the coalition of leftist and centrist pro-republican parties, the Union of Republicans and Socialists, having managed, taking a single list, to take first place in the number of elected deputies in 21 provinces. In 9 more provinces, the Left Coalition, consisting of socialists and radical socialists, won. In addition, the socialists were able to defeat La Coruña in alliance with the Galician Republican Federation and, speaking independently, in Cordoba , Jaén and Melilla . The Radical Republican Party managed to defeat independently in 3 provinces ( Huesca , Cartagena and Santa Cruz de Tenerife ), in a coalition with the radical socialists in Teruel and Zaragoza , as well as in Lugo together with the Republican Liberal Law. The Republican Radical Socialist Party won the elections in Alava and Ceuta . In Soria, the coalition of the Republican liberal right and the federalists defeated. In Pontevedra, a coalition of Galician Republicans, radical Republicans, and right-wing liberals took first place. Thus, parties belonging to the Union of Republicans and Socialists were able to defeat a total of 44 provinces.
In the provinces of Barcelona and Tarragona , the Republican Left of Catalonia gained the upper hand; in Girona and Lleida, the Catalan Left Republicans won the elections in alliance with the radical Republicans. In three provinces ( Gipuzkoa , Bizkaia and Navarra ), a coalition of Basque nationalists, carlistists and traditionalist Catholics won. In Burgos and Segovia , agrarians won.
In almost all the major cities of Spain, the parties belonging to the Union of Republicans and Socialists also won the election, with the exception of Barcelona , in which the Republican Left of Catalonia gained the upper hand, having won 10 of the 18 mandates. In Madrid , Seville , Valencia , Murcia and Malaga , a single victory the list of the Union of Republicans and Socialists, in Cordoba and Granada , the socialists defeated, in Bilbao - the Left coalition composed of socialists and radical socialists, in Zaragoza - the coalition of radical republicans and radical socialists.
After the election
On July 14, 1931, Julian Besteiro (ISRP) was elected the new chairman of the parliament, for whom 363 parliamentarians voted, two voted for Angel Ossorio y Gallardo (Let's Support the Republic), 6 people lowered the blank ballot.
22 deputies were elected in more than one constituency, and therefore they had to make a choice and abandon one of the mandates. In addition, one seat in parliament was vacated due to the death of a deputy from Logrono Villanueva. By-elections were held to fill vacant places. In most districts, they took place on October 4, 1931, in Barcelona, voting was held on October 11 . As a result of the rejection of mandates and partial elections, Marxists and anarchists increased their representation in parliament from 125 deputies to 129, left republicans from 116 to 122, left nationalists from 43 to 44, right, traditionalists and monarchists from 30 to 31. Centrists and right republicans retained their 129 seats.
Between June and October 1931, the process of forming parliamentary factions and new political parties was actively going on in and out of parliament. So, deputies from the National Action, agrarians, traditionalist Catholics from Burgos and Salamanca and two independent Republicans (Sid Ruiz-Sorrilla and Rufino Cano) created the “Agrarian minority” faction ( Spanish Minoría Agraria ). Deputies from among the Basque nationalists, independent independent autonomists, traditionalist Catholics and four Carlist deputies from Navarra, Alava and Gipuzkoa united in the Basque-Navarran group ( Spanish: Grupo Vasco-Navarro ). The Republican liberal right split into the Republican Conservative (13 deputies) and Republican Progressive (8 deputies) parties, two deputies joined the independent Republicans, another one to the Regionalist League of Catalonia.
As a result of the partial elections of October 1931 and the transfer of deputies to the end of the year, the alignment of forces somewhat changed. The number of deputies among Marxists and anarchists decreased (127 deputies instead of the previous 129), as well as among centrists and right-wing republicans and nationalists (135 instead of 151), left-wing republicans and nationalists became more (165 instead of 159), as well as right-wing (43 instead of 31 )
Changes continued in 1932 . In January, a split occurs in the Federal Democratic Republican Party (party unity was restored in March 1933 ). The Autonomous Galician Republican Organization, the Galician Party, and the Galician Republican Nationalist Party of Ourense merged into the Galician Republican Party ( Galis. Partido Republicano Gallego, PRG ). Independent federalist Angel Samblancat founded the Republican Extreme Left Party ( Spanish: Extrema Esquerra Republicana ). Two MPs from the Party of the Catalan Republic leave it and create their own organization - the Democratic Union of Catalonia ( Cat. Unió Democràtica de Catalunya, UDC ). A reunification of the Traditionalist Communion takes place, at the same time 3 Karlist deputies elected in Burgos and Salamanca as Catholic agrarians remain in the Agrarian Minority group. The group of Botheli and Eduardo Ortega, who founded the Radical Socialist Left, is breaking away from the Radical Socialist Republican Party.
In January 1933, three deputies from the Republican Left of Catalonia left her and created the Left Nationalist Republican Party ( Cat. Partit Nacionalista Republicà d'Esquerra, PNRE ). In February, the Regionalist League of Catalonia was renamed the Catalan League ( Cat. Lliga Catalana ). In March, the Catalan Republic Party was renamed Catalan Republican Action ( Cat. Acció Catalana Republicana, ACR ). In the same month, Popular Action (formerly National Action) and the Valencian Regional Right merge into the Spanish Confederation of Independent Rights , which was joined by several agrarian deputies. A group of monarchists led by Calvo Sotelo, formerly part of the People’s Action, create the Spanish Renewal Party ( Spanish Renovación Española ), which entered into an electoral alliance with the Carlists. Marcelino Domingo, who founded the Independent Radical Socialist Republican Party ( Spanish PRRS Independiente ), leaves the radical socialist Republican Party.
The Service Association of the Republic ceases to function as a party, although its parliamentary group remains. Most party members leave politics (Ortega y Gasset) or become independent republicans (Vicente Irasno, Publio Suarez). In the next 1934, the center-left movement of the Association for the Service of the Republic, led by Felipe Sanchez Roman and Justino de Ascarate, created the Republican National Party ( Spanish: Partido Nacional Republicano ).
In 1933, Balbonntin dissolved the Revolutionary Radical Socialist Party and participated in the new elections as the leader of the list of Iberian revolutionaries.
Notes
- ↑ Thomas, 1961 , p. 21.
- ↑ 1 2 Preston, 1994 , p. 36.
- ↑ 1 2 Preston, 1994 , p. 37.
- ↑ Shubin, 2012 , p. thirty.
- ↑ Thomas, 1961 , pp. 18-19.
- ↑ Beevor, 2006 , p. 20.
- ↑ Preston, 1994 , pp. 38–39.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Payne, 1993 , p. 47.
- ↑ Juliá, 2009 , pp. 34-36.
- ↑ Manuel Tuñón de Lara: “Los Estatutos de Autonomía y las elecciones a Constituyentes” / La España del siglo XX. Laia, Barcelona, 1981 , págs. 314-315
- ↑ 1 2 3 Payne, 1993 , p. 48.
- ↑ Beevor, 2006 , p. thirty.
- ↑ Payne, 1993 , pp. 47-48.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Payne, 1993 , p. 49.
- ↑ Juliá, 2009 , pp. 37-38.
- ↑ Payne, 1993 , p. 50.
- ↑ Payne, 1993 , p. 50: "Stanley Payne notes the difficulty of splitting votes between parties due to a wide range of coalitions and other issues."
- ↑ 1 2 Elecciones a Cortes Constituyentes 28 de junio de 1931 (Spanish) . Historia electoral.com. Date of appeal April 25, 2016.
- ↑ 1 2 Elecciones de 1931 Votos por coaliciones (Spanish) . Historia Electoral.com. Date of appeal April 25, 2016.
Literature
- Paul Preston. The Coming of the Spanish Civil War: Reform, Reaction, and Revolution in the Second Republic. - Routledge, 1994 .-- 355 p. (English) ISBN 978-0-415-06354-8
- Shubin A.V. The Great Spanish Revolution. - Book House Librocom, 2012. - 610 p. ISBN 978-5-397-02355-9
- Hugh Thomas. The Spanish Civil War (1 ed.). - Harper & Row, 1961 .-- 720 p. (eng.)
- Antony Beevor. The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939. - Weidenfield and Nicolson, 2006 .-- 560 p. (English) ISBN 0-297-84832-1
- Stanley G. Payne. Spain's first democracy: the Second Republic, 1931-1936. - University of Wisconsin Press, 1993 .-- 477 p. (English) ISBN 978-0-299-13674-1
- Santos Juliá. La Constitución de 1931 .-- Portal Derecho, 2009 .-- 519 p. (Spanish) ISBN 8498900832
- Isidre Molas: El sistema de partidos políticos en Cataluña. 1931-1936 . Barcelona, Ediciones Península, 1974 (Spanish)
- Julio Gil Pecharromán: La Segunda República (1931-1936) . Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva, 2006. (Spanish) ISBN 84-9742-536-7
- Javier Tusell Gómez, Octavio Ruiz-Manjón, Genoveva García Queipo de Llano: Las Constituyentes de 1931: unas elecciones de transición (I) ( pdf ) (Spanish) . Madrid: Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Revista de derecho político, No. 12, 1981-1982, p. 189-236. ISSN 0210-7562
- Javier Tusell Gómez, Octavio Ruiz-Manjón, Genoveva García Queipo de Llano: Apéndices: los resultados electorales ( pdf ) (Spanish) . Madrid: Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Revista de derecho político, no. 13, 1981-1982, p. 237-270. ISSN 0210-7562
- Javier Tusell Gómez, Octavio Ruiz-Manjón, Genoveva García Queipo de Llano: Las Constituyentes de 1931: unas elecciones de transición (II) ( pdf ) (Spanish) . Madrid: Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Revista de derecho político, No. 13, 1982, p. 137-195. ISSN 0210-7562
Sources
- Elecciones a Cortes Constituyentes 28 de junio de 1931 (Spanish) . Historia electoral.com. Date of appeal April 25, 2016.
- Elecciones a Cortes Constituyentes 28 de junio de 1931 . Resumen en Excel (Spanish) (xls) . Historia Electoral.com . Date of appeal April 25, 2016.
- Archivo Histórico de Diputados (1810 - 1977) . Documentary Services / Archive / Historic summary of Members of the Congress (1810-1977) (Spanish) . congreso.es . Date of treatment April 26, 2016.
- II República Española (1931 - 1936) (Spanish) . Manuel Sabalete Urbano. Date of treatment April 26, 2016.