Corruption is a widespread problem in Ukraine [1] [2] . In 2017, in the Corruption Perception Index of the international organization Transparency International, Ukraine ranked 120th out of 180 countries studied (alongside Djibouti and Mali ) [3] . Back in 2007, Ukraine ranked 118th (out of 179 countries studied throughout the year) [4] . The international audit company Ernst & Young in 2012 put Ukraine in the top three most corrupt countries in the world, along with Colombia and Brazil [5] .
The United States diplomatic service described the Ukraine during the presidency of Leonid Kuchma and Viktor Yushchenko as a kleptocracy , as follows from the Wikileaks leak [6] .
Since 2014, corruption in Ukraine has increased [7] . In April 2017, the international audit company EY put Ukraine in first place in the world in terms of corruption among 41 countries studied (including from Africa) [8] [9] .
General characteristics
According to the vice-president of the Academy of Economic Sciences of Ukraine, Professor N. G. Belopolsky, the tendency to theft and corruption has become the main ideology of Ukrainian society, which covers all segments of the population without exception. It is thanks to them that Ukraine confidently occupies a leading position in the world rankings in terms of corruption, and the damage to the state budget from these phenomena is estimated at tens of billions of hryvnias. In addition to causing direct financial losses, Ukrainian corruption is also the reason why foreign investors are extremely reluctant to invest their capital in the country's economy. The amount of bribes for the normal functioning of business projects in Ukraine is usually comparable to the amount of invested funds, the bureaucratic apparatus is all-powerful and impunity, and even the highest echelons of power are not able to curb this arbitrariness [10] .
The rise of corruption in post-Soviet Ukraine was facilitated by the processes of formation of authoritarian - oligarchic power, whose leaders lead their past from the ranks of the party nomenclature of Soviet times [11] . It is noted that all five Ukrainian presidents did nothing to ensure that Ukraine became a developed and self-sufficient European state. The motive of their actions was only a thirst for power, a craving for acquisitiveness and subservience to the powerful. As a result, the country became a territory where corruption, crime and prostitution flourished, and legal nihilism , cynicism and vulgarity became firmly established in society [12] .
Some research studies indicate that in the most corrupt countries there is a clear correlation between the level of corruption activity and the increase in the volume of illegal export of people , which is superimposed on the processes of voluntary emigration from the country. According to Transparency International , Ukraine, along with countries such as Nigeria and the Philippines , takes the place of one of the leading suppliers of “live goods” (mainly women and children) to international markets [13] . At the same time, the merging of criminal gangs and corrupt government circles makes it possible to get huge profits and carry out illegal transportation of people for exploitation in the international sex industry [14] .
However, in contrast to the traditional corruption model, which unites criminal and political circles, Ukraine has developed its own special pattern of corruption in the form of a trinity of capital, crime and politics. Currently, at least 50% of open criminal cases are connected with bribery, which is a striking contrast to the period of the mid-1980s, when the number of such cases was no more than 33% [15] . It is often noted that the problem of universal corruption in Ukraine is so serious that it not only prevents the attraction of investments into the country, but is already a threat to the integrity of the government [16] .
Corruption in the public mind
Due to the ongoing degradation, the stereotype that the Latin Americanization of the entire state, which is under the authority of a corrupt kleptocracy, has become established in Ukrainian society. However, the well-known economist and former deputy finance minister, O. Gavrylyshin, using data from Transparency International in his research, indicates that the level of corruption in Ukraine may be significantly higher than in Latin America . According to his calculations, corruption in Ukraine rather corresponds to indicators of the countries of Tropical Africa , of which the data on corruption in Uganda are most closely related to Ukraine. According to O. Gavrilishin, the emergence of such stable expressions as “Ugandization of Ukraine” and “Ukrganda” [17] can be associated with this.
According to the testimony of Ukrainian immigrants in Belgium, pervasive corruption makes the everyday life of ordinary citizens in their homeland intolerable and whip up the steadily increasing emigration from the country . Corruption in Ukraine has actually acquired the status of a socio-cultural artifact and has become an integral part of daily business activity in any field of activity [18] . In addition, a study of public attitudes toward corruption has shown that citizens of Ukraine prefer to present themselves as innocent victims of extortion, and this pattern of behavior is very characteristic of the entire population. At the same time, it was discovered that at least 61% of Ukrainian citizens would not give up the temptation to accept a bribe if they themselves occupied a low-paid official position. Despite the fact that the majority of Ukrainians condemn bribery, a rather large number of them also reject the Weberian model of their relationship to it (neither gifts nor protection) [19]
Corruption industries
Bribes are given in order to receive public services at a particular time or on an ongoing basis [20] . Ukrainians claim that they give bribes because they think that this is normal and expected [20] [21] . Some of the largest bribes were estimated at more than $ 1 million [22] . A 2008 survey of Management Systems International (MSI) showed that the highest levels of corruption were observed in technical inspection (57.5%), police (54.2%), health care (54%), courts (49%) and higher education (43.6%) [23] . On June 8, 2011, President of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovych said that corruption deprives the state budget of $ 2.5 billion in revenue per year, and because of corruption transactions in the government procurement sector, from 10% to 15% ($ 7.4 billion) of budget funds settle in the pockets of officials [24] .
According to the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the main causes of corruption in Ukraine are a weak and an overly controlling non-transparent government combined with and a weak civil society [25] . Corruption is regularly discussed in the Ukrainian media [26] [27] .
Individual attitude to corruption
The largest recipients of bribes are the police , health care and the education system [28] . In the late 2000s and early 2010s, approximately 67% of Ukrainians who dealt with government agencies said they were directly involved in corrupt deals [20] [29] . During the 2010 survey, 30–49.9% of respondents admitted that they paid bribes to public service providers over the past year [30] ; when conducting such a study in 2007, 18–32% of respondents admitted that they paid a bribe [30] . The same indicator for the UK in 2011 was 1.9% [31] . However, in another survey at the end of 2008, only 21% responded that they or their family members paid a bribe in any form in the previous 12 months; comparable figures for the US and the UK were 2% and 3%, respectively [32] . In a survey of the market research institute conducted in the summer of 2001, 43% said they never personally bribed [21] .
In 2013, 74% did not report personal corruption cases; 24% were afraid of the consequences, 63% thought it was irrelevant [28] .
In a sociological survey “IG„ Rating “” in November 2016, from 20 to 40% of the population of Ukraine were somehow involved in corrupt activities in different segments of economic, social or public life [33] .
Political corruption
For many years after the , election fraud was widespread, mainly due to the use of the “administrative resource” [34] . On the other hand, according to , election fraud in Ukraine cannot exceed five percent of the total number of votes [35] . Direct vote rigging declined after the 2004 presidential election . After the second round of elections, the Supreme Court of Ukraine ruled that due to the scale of fraud it became impossible to establish the election results and appointed a second vote [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] .
Since then, politicians have continued to say that election fraud and administrative tricks to get more votes for a certain party have not disappeared in Ukraine [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [ 50] [51] .
The Ukrainian electorate remains highly skeptical about the integrity of the electoral process (data for 2010) [52] [53] [54] . From the point of view of the expert community, the electoral system of Ukraine itself is interesting in that it allows half of the candidates to get into the Verkhovna Rada thanks to proportional representation and only half is elected in single-member constituencies. In addition, this system provides many opportunities for the so-called “theft of votes”, for example, with the help of special polling stations . In 2005, by analyzing data on 30,000 Ukrainian constituencies, it was found that in the 2002 elections the results were disproportionately high for the ruling party and disproportionately low for the opposition precisely because of the contribution of special polling stations [55] .
The US diplomatic service concluded that at least several Ukrainian state-owned enterprises were unfairly privatized in favor of political friends [6] . At the regional level, corruption was also noticed in connection with the allocation of land [56] .
Ukrainian politicians regularly blame each other for corruption, stating that only they themselves fight corruption [57] [58] [59] [60] [61] [62] [63] [64] [65] [66] [67 ] ] [68] [69] [70] [71] . In early 2012, people's deputy Roman Zabzalyuk “experimentally” joined the parliamentary faction “ ”. After that, he argued that this faction buys its members for $ 500,000, which are paid for the transition from other parliamentary groups, and then pays them a monthly salary of $ 20,000–25,000. Zabzalyuk pretended that he was suffering from a very serious disease, and in the Reforms for the Future group, he was given about $ 100,000 for an operation in Israel [72] .
Ukrainian political analyst Kost Bondarenko argues that until 2010 there was an unwritten rule in Ukrainian politics: no accusations are brought against members of the previous government, and their successors will not have to worry about what the future may bring [73] ; however, in 2010 and 2011, “criminal proceedings were initiated against 78 members of the former government and more than 500 criminal cases against current officials” [73] . However, since 2010, the Ukrainian press has led thousands of examples of criminal cases in which it turned out to be unprecedented leniency towards government officials, as well as politicians and businessmen associated with the Party of Regions [74] .
Interior Minister Vitaly Zakharchenko announced in March 2012 that, since 2010, about four hundred politicians have been charged with criminal charges; most of them belong to the Party of Regions, the Bloc of Yulia Tymoshenko and Our Ukraine - the People’s Self-Defense [75] . It is not clear how many of these charges were brought to court.
Ukrainian media, in particular “ Ukrainian Truth ”, regularly publicize the life of Ukrainian politicians and public officials - millionaires, completely inappropriate to their declared official incomes [76] [77] .
Local Policy
Several mayors were suspected of using their posts for their own business interests [78] .
Ex-mayor of Cherkasy Sergey Odarych was suspected of embezzling 600,000 from the local budget [79] .
Defense Corruption
According to the experts of the Swedish military-analytical center corruption is a pervasive phenomenon in the defense organizations of Ukraine [80] . It is present in the field of military procurement, housing distribution, recruitment, and even when setting combat tasks, which not only makes it difficult for the military departments to fulfill their direct responsibilities, but also significantly undermines the level of public trust in them by the population [80] . Despite a number of measures taken, such as, for example, the establishment of the National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine , they definitely seem to be insufficient. For example, according to the international organization Transparency International, the institutional functionality of the anti-corruption bureau leaves it “incapable and ineffective” [80] . The lustration laws, which came into force in October 2015, have been widely criticized for their selectivity and misuse [80] .
A similar opinion was expressed in the pages of the overview report of the American corporation RAND [81] . According to American analysts, the omnipresent corruption makes it very difficult to carry out any reforms in the defense sphere, and the influence of oligarchs and the weakness of state structures contribute to the emergence of “unwritten rules” that, in parallel with the law, guarantee the use of government institutions for personal enrichment [81] .
Corruption in the judicial system
According to analysts of the American Center for Strategic and International Studies, corruption in the Ukrainian judicial system is a particularly difficult problem. According to their conclusion, the Ukrainian courts are open to frank trade in the necessary decisions that are made to please the one who will pay the most for them. All legal proceedings are imbued with bribery, and the Ukrainian laws themselves are ugly written and often contradict each other, which allows them to be interpreted as you please [82] .
Ukrainian politicians and analysts describe the state of Ukraine’s judicial system as extremely unsatisfactory [83] [84] and indicate political pressure and bribery among judges [85] [86] [87] [88] . Independent lawyers and human rights activists complain that Ukrainian judges regularly make decisions under pressure and carelessly [89] . The judicial system of Ukraine is widely regarded as corrupt [90] [91] . A survey of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine in 2009 showed that only 10% of respondents trust the justice system. Less than 30% believe that it is possible to get a fair trial in court [83] .
Although independence of the judiciary exists in principle, judicial and political power are not sufficiently divided in practice. Judges are subject to pressure from political and business interests. [92]
In August 2014, an article by Ukrainskaya Pravda stated that judges receive bribes (“from a few to many thousands of dollars”) that are much higher than their salary (approximately $ 915) [93] . Ukrainian judges are sometimes arrested while receiving a bribe [94] [95] .
Critics also complain that officials and their children (the latter are known as “ majors ” [96] [97] ) receive lighter sentences than ordinary citizens [98] [99] .
Corruption in higher education
Higher education in Ukraine suffers from bribery. 33% of the students surveyed claimed that they were faced with corruption in their school, 29% heard about corruption cases from other students, while 38% did not experience corruption [100] . According to a study by Transparency International in 2008, 47.3% of university students said they were required to take bribes; 29% of them paid bribes voluntarily [23] . Students (graduate students) can "buy" admission to the university, the exam results, the passage of a doctoral or master's thesis [23] .
Bribes range from $ 10 to $ 50 for an exam to several thousand for admission to a university. According to government sources, bribes range from $ 80 to $ 21,500. The salaries of teachers and lecturers in Ukraine are low compared to other professions; this may lead to the temptation to demand a bribe [23] .
Some officials were convicted of falsifying higher education documents [101] .
According to Professor O. Bazaluk, Ukrainian education has become a fiction, Ukrainian secondary and higher education diplomas do not correspond to the world level, and most graduates are not able to acquire even basic knowledge and skills. Due to corruption and inefficient state policy in the education system, Ukrainian society began to show features that were not visible before: aggressiveness, rudeness, intolerance, indifference to others, etc. [102]
Corruption in business
Companies face corruption, mainly in business licensing, taxation and customs. [103] The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development has stated that corruption is a “significant barrier” to doing business in Ukraine [104] .
Research conducted by Ernst & Young in 2011 and 2012 showed that the number of top managers who take bribes increased by 9% in 2011 and by 15% in 2012. Another 4% were willing to pay bribes in order to hide information about the results of their financial activities [5] .
It was calculated that “corruption made business go into the shadow, where we have 45% of the economy ” [105] .
A representative of a British company argued that non-Ukrainian companies often lose contact if they do not pay bribes [89] .
Corruption in the social welfare system
In 2010, the President of Ukraine, Viktor Yanukovych, reported that only about 23% of monetized social services go to those who really need them. Ukrainian media have found many stories like the illegal receipt of people's deputies of Chernobyl and military social benefits [5] .
Health Corruption
Despite the fact that medical care in public hospitals is theoretically free for Ukrainians, the practice of paying patients for treatment is widespread [106] [107] .
In general, corruption in Ukrainian healthcare is characterized not so much by small bribes, as by more dangerous corruption manifestations, such as [108] :
- the creation of an imaginary "deficit" in the provision of medical care, when people in need are forced to wait for months, and for a certain fee it is provided immediately. At the same time, the payment itself does not guarantee proper quality of services;
- gradual commercialization of medical institutions, whose staff consists not of qualified doctors, but of “merchants from medicine”.
The asociality of corruption in medicine becomes a danger of a special kind, as it negatively affects the very essence of social relations, cultivating despair, disappointment and hopelessness in society. Such a model of corruption is perceived by the population as the most painful because in the public consciousness the profession of the attending doctor is associated with high moral and ethical standards: selflessness, disinterestedness, service to people, etc. life of the patient when he has no opportunity to refuse the offer of medical staff that is unacceptable in other circumstances. In connection with this model of work, maternity hospitals, drug treatment clinics and oncology institutions have a particularly grim reputation in Ukraine. Despite the fact that some Ukrainian medical workers are caught in extortion and find themselves under investigation, at the system level the situation with fees in Ukrainian medicine remains unchanged [108] .
In June 2012, human rights groups accused officials of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine of stealing money that should be used to treat AIDS patients : drugs against AIDS were bought at extremely high prices, for which kickbacks were subsequently obtained [* 1] [110] .
Corruption and the sex industry
The ubiquitous corruption laid a solid foundation in Ukraine for the formation of an extensive market for children's sexual services. A number of other factors also played a significant role in his appearance. They attract foreign sex tourists to Ukraine , namely: low standard of living, neglect of children, reputation of the country with beautiful and easily accessible women, huge gap in economic development between Ukraine and the surrounding states, lack of visa regime for Europeans; geographical location in the center of Europe; low prices for alcohol; a reputation for a corrupt management system; and confidence in the possibility of avoiding punishment. All this served as a stimulus for the development of the system of sexual exploitation of children in the interests of visiting foreigners. The resources for it are those segments of the Ukrainian population that live below the poverty line. Of families with one child, 26% (4.4 million), and from families with two children, 39% (6.6 million) [111] .
The total number of underage Ukrainians who provide sex services reaches 15,000 people. A huge income gap allows any foreigner to easily impress any street child, embodying his desire to dine in a restaurant or buy expensive items of personal wardrobe. For many Ukrainian children, a meal paid by a foreigner in a restaurant may be the only meal of the day. Of course, in this respect sexual intercourse is the result of poor material conditions or neglect of moral values. However, the expert community believes that the main reasons for the widespread sexual exploitation of children in Ukraine are corruption, lawlessness and the ability to easily get away from criminal prosecution. Those foreigners who do not risk in their home countries to enter into illegal relations with adolescents believe that the law is not being implemented in Ukraine and there is nothing to fear. Even being caught red-handed, they always have the opportunity to pay off from law enforcement. Moreover, researchers in this field note that Ukrainian security officials themselves often take part in the sexual exploitation of children, acting as clients or income recipients [111] .
Football Corruption
Corruption is one of the most serious problems in Ukrainian football [112] [113] .
The following types of corruption were noticed in Ukrainian football, including bribing judges and forging passport data [114] . There is also corruption at the level of children's football [115] , which leads to a decrease in competitiveness in football [116] . However, this is not a feature only in Ukraine [117] .
Cost to society
Transparency International estimates that between 30% and 50% of all Ukrainians are facing corruption in government bodies [23] . According to estimates, as of 2009, Ukrainians paid about 3.5 billion UAH. ($ 400 million) bribes per year [27] . In 2008, this figure was $ 700 million [118] [119] .
Notes
- Comments
- ↑ A rollback is that an official chooses a certain offer when choosing a supplier of goods or services, and for this receives a fee from the supplier in the form of a fixed amount or a percentage of the transaction amount [109] .
- Sources
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- 2 1 2 3 Corruption, Democracy, and Investment in Ukraine (English) (inaccessible link) . (October 2007). The appeal date is April 11, 2016. Archived September 26, 2011.
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- ↑ Corruption in the UK: Overview & Policy Recommendations . - Transparency International UK, June 2011. - P. summary page 2. - ISBN 978-0-9566194-4-0 . Archived copy of November 10, 2011 on Wayback Machine
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- ↑ Taras Kuzio. Ukrainian Political Technologists Election Myths (English) . Jamestown Foundation (November 29, 2012). The appeal date is April 13, 2016.
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- Ukrainian International observers say the Ukrainian election was free and fair . The Washington Post (9 February 2010). The appeal date is April 13, 2016.
- Conducting European Parliament President’s Assembly of the United Kingdom . Kyiv Post (9 February 2010). The appeal date is April 13, 2016.
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- T BYT: International observers were unable to record mass irregularities in run-off vote (English) . Kyiv Post (11 February 2009). The appeal date is April 13, 2016.
- ↑ Yanukovych sure Tymoshenko will try to rig the results of the presidential election (English) . Kyiv Post (December 17, 2009). The appeal date is April 13, 2016.
- ↑ Tymoshenko says she will prevent Yanukovych from rigging presidential election (English) . Kyiv Post (December 17, 2009). The appeal date is April 13, 2016.
- ↑ President's office ex-official blows Yushchenko-Yanukovych secret deal (Eng.) . (8 February 2010). The appeal date is April 13, 2016.
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- Кри In the Crim commune and the Soyuz party, they vimagayut pererahunku votes (ukr.) . The Mirror of Tizhnya (November 3, 2010). Date of appeal is April 13, 2016. (unavailable link)
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- ↑ Poll: Less than 5% Ukrainians believe . Kyiv Post (12 February 2010). The appeal date is April 13, 2016.
- ↑ Poll: Most Ukrainians not planning to sell their votes in the presidential election (English) . Kyiv Post (12 February 2010). The appeal date is April 13, 2016.
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- ↑ Heads of two towns in Khmelnytsky, Ternopil regions charged with bribery (English) . Interfax-Ukraine (13 April 2009). The appeal date is April 13, 2016.
- ↑ Regions Party declares current government corrupt (English) . Kyiv Post (10 January 2010). The appeal date is May 8, 2016.
- ↑ Jet Airways signs codeshare agreement with Korean Air (Eng.) . The Financial (4 January 2010). The appeal date is May 8, 2016.
- “I'm the only politician without land ownership in the Crimea,” says Yulia Tymoshenko (English) . (3 January 2010). The appeal date is May 8, 2016.
- ↑ Court dismisses Yanukovych's suit against Tymoshenko concerning unsanctioned election funds (Eng.) . Kyiv Post (December 31, 2009). The appeal date is May 8, 2016.
- Tymoshenko accuses residents of Kyiv (English) (inaccessible link) . Interfax-Ukraine (12 December 2008). The appeal date is May 8, 2016. Archived on June 3, 2012.
- ↑ Tymoshenko blames Firtash and Presidential Secretariat for hryvnia's collapse (English) . UNIAN (December 18, 2008). Released on May 8, 2016. (not available link)
- ↑ Presidential secretariat says for Euro 2012 (unavailable link) . Interfax-Ukraine (27 November 2009). The appeal date is May 8, 2016. Archived June 6, 2012.
- Uk Lutsenko accuses Yanukovych of giving false data in his income declaration (English) (inaccessible link) . Interfax-Ukraine (8 December 2009). The appeal date is May 8, 2016. Archived May 15, 2012.
- ↑ Tymoshenko proposes creating independent anti-corruption bureaus in Ukraine (English) . Kyiv Post (8 December 2009). The appeal date is May 8, 2016.
- ↑ Lutsenko removed Yushchenko's portrait from his office (Eng.) . Kyiv Post (9 December 2009). The appeal date is May 8, 2016.
- ↑ Yuschenko accuses Tymoshenko of corruption (English) . Kyiv Post (9 December 2009). The appeal date is May 8, 2016.
- ↑ Yushchenko calls the nation's law enforcement duties and corrupt (eng.) . Kyiv Post (9 December 2009). The appeal date is May 8, 2016.
- ↑ Yushchenko: condition for eradicating corruption (English) . Kyiv Post (12 December 2009). The appeal date is May 8, 2016.
- At Yatseniuk submits a draft law on state committee for fighting corruption (English) . Kyiv Post (16 December 2009). The appeal date is May 8, 2016.
- President Parliamentary majority ( says link) . Interfax-Ukraine (12 December 2009). The appeal date is May 8, 2016. Archived June 6, 2012.
- ↑ Turchynov: Batkivschyna knew why Zabzaliuk left faction (English) . Kyiv Post (8 February 2012). The appeal date is May 8, 2016.
- ↑ 1 2 Ukraine without Tymoshenko (English) . Sputnik (12 October 2011). The appeal date is May 8, 2016.
- ↑ The General Prosecutor’s Office did not want to be entertained by the Sina Azarov (ukr.) . Ukrainian truth (August 26, 2013). The appeal date is May 8, 2016.
- МВ AIM head: Naybіlshe koruptsіonerіv at the Party of Regions (ukr.) . Ukrainian truth (March 29, 2012). The appeal date is May 8, 2016.
- ↑ New head of the fairgrounds to wear a yearbook for 50-60 thousand dollars (ukr.) . Ukrainian truth (August 25, 2013). The appeal date is May 8, 2016.
- Needed Probe needed (English) . Kyiv Post (22 July 2011). The appeal date is May 8, 2016.
- ↑ Sergey Golovnov. Navi go to Mary? (in Ukrainian) . Ukrainian truth (February 24, 2012). The appeal date is May 8, 2016.
- Sec sus sus UAH UAH UAH UAH UAH 600 600 600 600 600 600 sec sec sec sec sec Interfax-Ukraine (10 June 2013). The appeal date is May 8, 2016.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 de Albuquerque A., Hedenskog J. 8. Accountability // Ukraine. A Defense Sector Reform Assessment . - FOI, 2015. - p. 30.
- ↑ 1 2 Oliker O. et alii. Reforming the Security Sector - Overall Architecture // Security Sector Reform in Ukraine . - RAND Corporation . - P. 5. - ISBN 978-0-8330-9597-8 .
- ↑ J. Bugajski, S. Pifer, K. Smith, C. Wallander. Ukraine's Shortcomings and Setbacks // Ukraine. A Net Assessment of 16 Years of Independence . - CSIS , 2008. - P. 14. - (History). - ISBN 978-0-89206-527-1 .
- ↑ 1 2 Jackpot (English) . Kyiv Post (March 25, 2010). The appeal date is May 14, 2016.
- ↑ Moskal: 'Rotten to the core' (English) . Kyiv Post (March 25, 2010). The appeal date is May 14, 2016.
- ↑ Yanukovych notes system judicial system (English) . Kyiv Post (March 25, 2010). The appeal date is May 14, 2016.
- ↑ Tymoshenko: Yanukovych entourage aims at recognizing the legitimacy of the coalition . Kyiv Post (March 29, 2010). The appeal date is May 14, 2016.
- ↑ Åslund and Dąbrowski, 2007 , p. 149.
- ↑ Karatnycky, Motyl and Schnetzer, 2001 , p. 400
- ↑ 1 2 In Ukraine, scales of justice are often imbalanced . Kyiv Post (10 April 2012). The appeal date is May 14, 2016.
- Lo Battle looming over judicial law and judge status (Eng.) . Kyiv Post (April 7, 2010). The appeal date is May 14, 2016.
- ↑ A top prosecutor, accused of corruption and incompetence, forced out in the political struggle (English) . Kyiv Post (18 December 2009). The appeal date is May 14, 2016.
- ↑ Drzeniek Hanouz and Geiger, 2008 , p. 50.
- ↑ Anastasia Simukha, Taras Shepel. The malicious organization of the courts (ukr.) . Ukrainian truth (August 21, 2014). The appeal date is May 14, 2016.
- ↑ Kyiv district court judge arrested while taking bribe (English) . Kyiv Post (8 February 2011). The appeal date is May 14, 2016.
- ↑ Ex-judge Zvarych sentenced to ten years in prison (Eng.) . Kyiv Post (September 20, 2011). The appeal date is May 14, 2016.
- ↑ Gang-raped, strangled and set alight, brave Oksana loses her fight (English) . The Age (March 30, 2012). The appeal date is May 14, 2016.
- ↑ Ukrainian Woman's Rape Stirs Public 'Vendetta': Leonid Bershidsky (Eng.) . Bloomberg (March 22, 2012). The appeal date is May 14, 2016.
- ↑ Unruly Untouchables (English) . Kyiv Post (14 July 2011). The appeal date is May 14, 2016.
- ↑ Charges dismissed against driver who killed pedestrian (English) . Kyiv Post (December 1, 2011). The appeal date is May 14, 2016.
- ↑ One third of the students have encountered in higher educational institutions (English) (inaccessible link) . (10 April 2011). The appeal date is April 25, 2017. Archived April 2, 2012.
- ↑ Cheating nation (English) . Kyiv Post (November 19, 2009). The appeal date is April 25, 2017.
- Cor Bazaluk O. The population of the low education level // Corruption in Ukraine: Rulers Mentality and Geophilosophy of Ukraine. - Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2016. - P. xi. - 250 p. - (Political Science). - ISBN 978-1-4438-9689-4 .
- Adop Ukraine adopts new anti-corruption bill (English) . Press TV (18 March 2011). The appeal date is April 25, 2017.
- ↑ Rob Young. Bribes and bureaucrats: Doing business in Ukraine (English) . BBC News (March 7, 2011). The appeal date is April 25, 2017.
- ↑ N. Korolevskaya: Ukraine Needs a Single Anti-Corruption Project (eng.) . . The appeal date is April 25, 2017.
- ↑ Richard Balmforth. Corruption No. 1 problem as Ukraine heads for election (eng.) . Reuters (24 October 2012). The appeal date is April 25, 2017.
- ↑ Abel Polese. 'If I receive it, it is a gift; If it’s a bribe ': Berghahn Books (Winter 2008). The appeal date is April 25, 2017.
- ↑ 1 2 Bilinskaya M.N., Moiseev V.V., Nitsevich V.F. Corruption counteraction in the post-Soviet countries // Modern corruption: domestic specificity and foreign experience of counteraction. - Moscow-Berlin: Direct Media, 2004. - p. 294-296. - 439 s. - ISBN 978-5-4475-1587-4 .
- ↑ Novak, 2013 .
- ↑ Maria Danilova. Ukraine: Corruption blamed for non-treatment aids . Associated Press (June 29, 2012). The appeal date is April 25, 2017.
- 2 1 2 Country-Specific Report. Ukraine. 2015
- ↑ Is Chi relevant to football for Ukraine? (in Ukrainian) . (April 2, 2010). The appeal date is May 16, 2017.
- ↑ Litvin: "Football sіri through court" (Ukr.) . Champion (April 5, 2012). The appeal date is May 16, 2017.
- ↑ Pavel Kozachenko. Corruption in the Ukrainian football or, as in FFU, they make an ostrich pose . Sports Dozor (August 24, 2013). The appeal date is May 16, 2017.
- ↑ Sergey Petrushkin. Revelations of a football agent (part two) . Football.ua (February 7, 2013). The appeal date is May 16, 2017.
- ↑ Launch “that guy” on the field. How corruption eats away Ukrainian football . CRiME (July 15, 2013). The appeal date is May 16, 2017.
- ↑ Sergey Bury. President of the Football Federation of Ukraine Grigory Surkis: "Russia is trying to keep up with us" . Sports: day by day (December 3, 2011). The appeal date is May 16, 2017.
- ↑ Ukrainians shrug off corruption despite damaging effects (eng.) . Kyiv Post (6 March 2008). The appeal date is April 25, 2017.
- ↑ Ukrainians Shrug Off Corruption Despite Damaging Effects (English) . Kiev Ukraine News Blog (5 March 2008). The appeal date is April 25, 2017.
Literature
In English
- Anders Åslund and (Eds.). Europe after Enlargement . - Cambridge University Press , 2007. - ISBN 978-0-521-87286-7 .
- Adrian Karatnycky, and Amanda Schnetzer (Eds.). Nations in Transit 2000–2001 . - , 2001. - ISBN 978-0-7658-0897-4 .
- Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz and Thierry Geiger. The Ukraine Competitiveness Report 2008 . - World Economic Forum , 2008. - ISBN 978-92-95044-05-0 .
In Russian
- Novak B.V. Bribe and rollback. - SPb. : Piter Publishing House, 2013. - ISBN 9785911809416 .
In Ukrainian
- Dromov S.V. Corruption in Ukraine: cause a broader mecha of protest. Green book of the state policy: monographs. - K .: Vidavnichy center NUBiP Ukraine, 2011.
- Zhdanov І. Corruption in Ukraine: test analizu . - Lviv : Chasopis "Ї", 2002.
- Zhuravsky V. S., Mikhalchenko M. І., Mikhalchenko O. M. Corruption in Ukraine is not a politician. - Fenix, 2007.
- Zelenetsky V., Kalman O. Corruption in Ukraine and the organizational and legal basis for fighting it. - The right of Ukraine, 2001. - № 4 . - pp . 13-17 .
- Kamlik M. І., Nevmerzhitsky Є. V. Corruption in Ukraine. - K .: Znannya, COO, 1998.
- Kostenko O. M. Corruption type: understanding and the hat of the protest. - Borotba with the organized evil and corruption (theory and practice), 2008. - № 18 . - p . 136-141 .
- Miller M. І. Criminology and criminally-legal problems and protections of the corruption. - K .: Discrimination at the scientific stage of the doctor of legal sciences, 2002. - p . 233 .
- Mikhalchenko M. І., Mikhalchenko O. M., Nevmerzhitsky Є. V. Corruption in Ukraine: political-philosophical analysis. - ІПіЕНД ім І. F. Kurasa NAS of Ukraine, 2010.
- National competitiveness will be the core of regulatory policy: otrimannya documents to the character on the future of the operation with the land. Starts for the results of sociological research. - K .: [b. in.], 2008.
- Nevmierzhitsky Є. V. Corruption in Ukraine: Causes, incidents, mechanisms of protest. - CST, 2008.
- S.S. Serogin. Mekhanizmi before transferring the procedural corrections in the organs of public authority . - Khmelnitsky : University of Science Notes, 2009. - № 4 . - p . 284-289 .
Links
- Anti-corruption portal of Ukraine .
- The project "Bloggers against corruption . "
- CorruptUA.org is a project of journalistic investigations into corruption in government bodies.
- Transparency International Ukraine .
- Certificate of corruption in Ukraine .
- Information portal "Ukraine without corruption . "
- Volodymyr Ginda. Corruption and speculation in the occupation of the Nazis of Ukraine (Ukr.) . (December 9, 2013). The appeal date is April 25, 2017.