Wooden churches of Ukraine - monuments of wooden temple architecture in Ukraine, where about three thousand wooden religious buildings are located. Most of the wooden churches preserved to date are located in the western part of the country, and less - in Left-Bank Ukraine. The vast majority of churches belong to the Ukrainian Orthodox Church and the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church ; only 11 wooden churches in the Lviv region belong to the Roman Catholic Church . All these cult objects are the spiritual heritage of the country and architectural monuments.
Content
History
The exact time of the appearance of wooden churches in Ukraine has not been established. The first written references to the wooden church of St. Elijah the Prophet in Kiev are in the correspondence of the Prince of Kiev Igor with the Byzantine Empire in 944. As a result of archaeological excavations in the territory of the village of Krylos in the Galich district of the Ivano-Frankivsk region, stone foundations of two wooden churches of the 12th and 13th centuries were discovered. [one]
The oldest wooden churches in Ukraine are considered to be St. Nicholas Church in the village of Srednyaya Vodyanoye in the Rakhiv District of Transcarpathian Region , where two log houses have been preserved since 1428, and St. Nicholas Church in the village of Kolodnoye in Tyachiv District of the same region in 1470. [2] Both churches combined Gothic style and Hungarian motifs of that era. The oldest church in the Dnieper region is the wooden church of the Holy Archangel Michael in the village of Doroginka, Fastovsky district, Kiev region , dating from 1520 [3] , which is currently located in the Pirogov Museum of Folk Architecture and Life of Ukraine .
Among the preserved churches of Ukraine on the territory of Galicia and the Carpathians there are ten temples built at the end of the 15th century . There are about 150 churches dating from the 16th-17th centuries . The largest number of wooden churches available were built in the 18th-19th centuries. Although in the days of the USSR church was persecuted, they were still built in Ukraine, including wooden ones. Temples of wood continue to be built at the present time.
The wooden site of Ukraine is dedicated to the site of the same name by E. Krushinskaya - Derev'yanΡ temples of Ukraine (Ukrainian)
Architecture
The architectural appearance of Orthodox and Greek Catholic wooden churches over the centuries has been consistent with canonical traditions and had three components: Babinets , nave and altar . Churches, which consist of three indicated parts (called a log house), belong to the three-part (three-part). There are five-, seven- and nine-frame wooden churches. For stability and strength, the foundation of wooden churches is made of stone.
Building Styles
Podolia
For Podillia, the typical is a three-church with high log cabins. Their characteristic feature is vertical plating, shingle top and porch at the entrance. The top of the church consisted of three domes, of which the middle was higher. Usually the Podolsk church stood in a spacious place, often in the middle of the village. The churchyard was lined with lindens . Opposite the main door of the church stood a tower with bells , also covered with shingle. In ancient times, there were cemeteries near churches.
Kalagarovka , church of 1784
Church in the village of Zelenoe
- Ukraine Ternopil region Pidvolochsky district, Skoryki village, Ioanobogoslovsk Ts-va 1744 p. (4) .jpg
Church in the village of Skoriki
Church of St. John the Evangelist in the village of Bernashovka 1767
Galicia
In Galicia , walls up to two meters high were constructed from logs around the perimeter of the church. A canopy was made around the perimeter of the temple to protect it from rain and snow. A canopy with a width of more than half a meter is mounted on a vertical plane at an angle from 15 Β° to 50 Β°. Often, under a canopy, benches were placed for the rest of the parishioners. Above the visor, the walls retained their perimeter and shape, however, the walls of the Babinets and the altar had a lower height than the walls of the nave. In the churches of Galicia, the quadrangular shape of the roof turned into an octagonal shape and formed a dome.
Mikhailovsky Church in 1697 in the village of Kuta
- Lviv, Shevchenko Guy, Church in the village of Krivki, Turkivskyi district 1763 r. (7) .jpg
Church in the village of Krivka
- Ukraine Lviv Misto Drogobich, Church of the Holy Cross XVI century (2) .jpg
Church of the Honest, Drohobych
Church of St. Vasily of the 16th century in the village of Cherche
Hutsulism
Hutsul churches, in addition to the cross layout, had their own characteristics. Most often they were five-carved. The middle square block went up to the top eight, with a high stitch coating with a small crease (rounding) around the gzims (cornice). Above four other log cabins there was an ordinary roof with pediments , as on Hutsul huts; often there were crowns on the roof. Churches were set up by special Hutsul masters.
The Hutsul church has an equilateral cross in the horizontal plane and was always located with the altar to the east, and Babinets - to the west. The bottom of the Hutsul church consisted of bars that stood on a stone foundation. They were three or five-frame; We went into the church through the porch. On the side near the church was a quadrangular bell tower, covered, like the church, with a shingle.
Yasinya , Ascension Church
Yaremche , Church of St. John the Merciful 1663
Church in the village of Cherganovka
Boykism
In the Boykovschina region, each blockhouse of the church is covered by a separate roof of a high construction with numerous creases. In a typical Boykov church, the roof of the nave rises above the roofs of the altar and Babinets, which are on the same level. Belfries stand separately from the church. The change in architectural forms went in the direction of increasing the stepwise overlap from two-story (two-top) to three-story, four-story and five-story. There were seven and eight overhead structures. The vast majority of Boykov churches were built in the 18th century.
St. Michael's Church, Uzhok
- Lviv region, Skolivskyi district, village of Tisovets 1863 river Boykivska Ts-va (12) .jpg
Church of 1863 in the village of Tisovec
Church of St. Nicholas in the village of Krivka
- Lviv region, Turkivskyi district, Matkiv.JPG
Church of the Cathedral of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the village of Matkov
Lemkivism
The basis of Lemkovo churches are the canonical three rectangular log houses. The nave has always been larger. Under the influence of the Baroque style, he acquired the shape of an octagon; blocked by beams and from above - a sloping roof-tent. A characteristic feature of Lemkovo churches is the tower instead of Babinets. The whole church was covered with boards and covered with shingle. The three-frame church under one roof and with three domes is a typical feature of Boyk architecture. The materials for construction were fir or pine , less often beech or larch , even less often oak or aspen .
Church in Szczawn
Church in the Great Vyslok
Church in the village of Syanki
Church of St. Luke in the Pryashevschina
Bukovina
The temples of Bukovinian architecture, which have survived to the present, were built mainly during the Ottoman occupation of the region. Therefore, they look like a traditional hut, since the Turks, being Muslims, were not allowed to build otherwise. Under the usual pitched roof, the Bukovinian craftsmen managed to hide three log cabins, albeit not very tall. Only in the remote mountainous areas where the Turks did not reach, the log cabins were divided.
Church of the Nativity of the Virgin (1630) in the village of Selyatin
Ascension Church in Chernivtsi
Nicholas Church (1786) in the village of Beregomet
Assumption Church (1778) in the village of Valyava
Naddnipryanschina
The temples of the Middle Dnieper (Kiev and Poltava regions) are distinguished by a large elongation of forms (influenced mainly by the Rococo style of the 17th β 18th centuries) and graceful, light domes. In the Poltava region, the shape of the crown is similar to an elongated helmet. Some temples carry elements of much more ancient times - these are churches of the so-called Clet type.
Church in the village of Pischiki (1651)
Pyatnitskaya church in the village of Zarubintsy
Onufrievskaya Church (1705) in the village of Lipovy Skitok
Nicholas Church (1730) in the village of Sinyava
Left Bank
In the Dnieper and in Slobozhanshchina, wooden churches had octagonal log cabins in plan and differed in the considerable height of the log cabins themselves or their tops. Another type of churches on the Left Bank consisted of three quadrangular log cabins, with the altar and Babinets lower and covered by a gable roof. A characteristic feature of churches of this type was the slope of the walls of all the log cabins inward. The most common type of temples of the second half of the XVII century - the first half of the XVIII century were three-churches with an octagonal center, a faceted altar and a Babin.
Church of the Introduction of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Berislav (1727)
- Church of St. George (village). JPG
St. George's Church in Sednev
Trinity Church in the village of Pustovoitovka (1773)
See also
- Architecture of Ukraine
- Wooden churches of the Carpathian region in Poland and Ukraine
- Museum of Folk Architecture and Life of Ukraine
Notes
- β Excavations of a long-standing Galich: the foundations of the church on the Tsarintsi and Voskresensk rotundi Archived May 16, 2011 on the Wayback Machine (in Ukrainian)
- β Classification of Transcarpathian trees and churches .
- β Temple of St. Archangel Michael (Kyiv group) 1528 (1600) rik (Ukrainian)