Mujibur Rakhman ( Beng. মুজিবুর রহমান , March 17, 1920 - August 15, 1975 ) was a political and statesman of Pakistan and Bangladesh , the first president and prime minister of Bangladesh .
Mujibur Rahman | |||||||
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মুজিবুর রহমান | |||||||
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Predecessor | Mohammed Mohammadulla | ||||||
Successor | Hundakar Mushtak Ahmed | ||||||
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Predecessor | Tajuddin Ahmed | ||||||
Successor | Mansur Ali | ||||||
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Predecessor | Position established | ||||||
Successor | Chowdhury Abu Sayed | ||||||
Birth | March 17, 1920 Tongipara , Faridpur district, British India | ||||||
Death | August 15, 1975 (55 years) Dhaka , Bangladesh | ||||||
Burial place | Banani Cemetery, Dhaka | ||||||
Father | Lutfar Rahman | ||||||
Mother | Sayera Khatun | ||||||
Spouse | Begum Phasilatunnes [1] | ||||||
Children | the sons: Kamal (1949-1975), Jamal (1954-1975) and Roussel (1964-1975) daughters: Hasina (1947) and Rehana (1955) | ||||||
The consignment | Avami league | ||||||
Education | Islamic College of Calcutta | ||||||
Religion | Sunni Islam | ||||||
Autograph | |||||||
Awards | |||||||
Content
Biography
Born to a Muslim family in the East Boengal village of Tongpara . My father worked in a civil court in the city of Gopalgunj . He studied at the missionary school and college of Islam (he graduated in 1947).
A student in India showed interest in political activities and joined the Pakistan independence movement. He was an activist of the Muslim League of the Province of Bengal and a member of the All-India Muslim League since 1943. In 1946, he was elected General Secretary of the Union of Students of the College of Islam and also elected to the Faridpur Provincial Parliament of the Muslim League.
In 1947, he returned to his homeland in East Pakistan , he studied law at Dacca University (he was expelled in early 1949 on charges of “inciting and agitating workers” against the indifference of the university leadership to their legal requirements). In 1948 he was one of the organizers of the Muslim Student League of East Pakistan. In 1949, he participated in the creation of the Awami League (People’s League) of East Pakistan (elected one of the secretaries) as a counterbalance to the Muslim League, which conducted a discriminatory course against its home province with its Bengali population . Soon he was imprisoned. In 1953–1966 - secretary general of the Awami League of East Pakistan. In 1954, he was elected a member of the provincial legislative assembly from the opposition United Front and became minister of agriculture, but soon refused the deputy mandate and the post of minister to focus on party work. In 1956-1957 he was Minister of Industry, Trade, Labor, the fight against corruption and assistance to the village. After the establishment of the military dictatorship of Ayub Khan in the country in 1958, he emerged as a charismatic opposition leader and was imprisoned in 1958-1961, 1962 and 1966-1969. Each time he was released under the pressure of public opinion.
In the mid-1960s, he worked on the restoration and strengthening of the Awami League. In 1966 he was elected chairman of the party and was arrested by the Pakistani government on charges of inciting separatism . At the same time, he announced his famous Six Point Program , calling it “our (Bengali) Charter of Survival”, which was aimed at developing self-government in East Pakistan. Given the apparent dominance of the western part of the country, this program immediately attracted the attention of the whole nation. Although the conservative elements of all political parties took it with hostility, she immediately attracted students and young people. He was given the nickname Beng. বঙ্গবন্ধু (Bangabandhu, Bengali Friend). During his second term in prison, his authority grew so much that at the beginning of 1969 there was a mass uprising in his support and the administration of Ayub Khan was forced to release him on February 22, 1969. The Bengalis saw him as their leader, who was imprisoned for his convictions in 12 of 23 years of Pakistani rule in East Bengal .
In 1969, Field Marshal Ayub Khan resigned, transferring power to General Yahya Khan , who called the general election for December 1970. The Awami League opened the autonomy slogan for East Pakistan and, with an absolute majority in its Legislative Assembly, became the largest parliamentary faction. The opening session of the parliament was, however, postponed by President Yahya Khan, the election results were annulled, and M. Rahman launched a campaign of non-violent civil disobedience, declaring March 2 the independence day of East Pakistan. During the non-cooperation (March 2-25, 1971), all civil authority in East Pakistan came under the control of M. Rahman, who became the de facto head of the provincial government.
On March 7, 1971, he made a policy statement, which, inter alia, said:
Build fortifications in every yard. You must resist the Pakistani enemies with everything that you can take in your hands ... Remember that we have already shed a lot of blood, we must give more, if necessary, but we must free the people, Allah blesses us ... The battle this time is a battle for our liberation, struggle this time is a struggle for independence. [2]
Since March 16, unsuccessful negotiations between the leadership of Pakistan led by Yahya Khan and the leaders of East Pakistan led by M. Rahman were held in Dhaka. On the night of March 25, Pakistani troops intervened in the events, mass repressions began, M. Rahman was again arrested and sent to Western Pakistan, where he appeared before the court for insurrection and incitement to revolt.
On April 10, he was proclaimed in absentia by the head of the government of East Pakistan and the Supreme Commander of the armed forces. A bloody civil war began in the country, according to various sources, from 200 thousand to 3 million people died, another 8 million became refugees. By December, supporters of independence (with the active help of Indian troops) defeated the Pakistani army, which consisted almost exclusively of natives of the western provinces. After signing the surrender of Pakistani troops in East Bengal on December 16, 1971, Rahman was released from Pakistan prison and arrived in Dhaka on January 10, 1972.
The government had to deal with countless problems in a war-ravaged country, to start from scratch. External assistance was provided by India, China and the USSR (in particular, the minesweepers of the 12th expedition of special purpose of the USSR Navy, headed by Rear Admiral Sergei Zuyenko, cleared water spaces from mines ) [3] .
January 12, 1972 became prime minister of the government of the independent People’s Republic of Bangladesh . The government outlined a broad program of progressive socio-economic reforms, in the field of foreign policy, it proclaimed the principles of non-alignment and the development of friendship and cooperation with all peace-loving states. The main principles were proclaimed " nationalism , secularism , democracy and socialism ."
On March 1–5, 1972, he visited the USSR on an official visit (on March 2 he signed the Agreement on Economic and Technical Cooperation in the Construction of Industrial and Other Objects and the Agreement on Assisting the People of Bangladesh in Restoring Vital Economic Sectors), in April 1974, he visited the USSR on treatment.
Land reform was carried out, the problem of 10 million refugees was solved, a new army was formed, famine was prevented. In the 1973 general election, the Awami League won 73% of the vote, the Socialist and Communist parties allied to it — 7% and 4%. The government has adopted government programs to expand primary education, sanitation, nutrition, health care, water and electricity throughout the country. The five-year plan adopted in 1973 provided targeted public investment in agriculture, the development of rural infrastructure, construction, and local industry.
Despite the proclaimed policy of secularism , the Islamic Theological Academy, which was banned for supporting the forces of the Pakistani forces, was opened in the country and the production and sale of alcohol and gambling were banned at the request of Islamic groups. In his public speeches and speeches M. Rahman increasingly used Islamic greetings, slogans and references to Islamic values. [4] .
In the summer of 1974, monsoons and floods caused severe damage to rice crops (80% of the summer crop and the main winter crop were killed, according to official data, 40% of the annual food production was destroyed) and caused mass starvation. The shortage of food, coupled with a sharp increase in world oil prices also led to a significant increase in inflation. The prestige of the country's leadership has fallen, which, combined with the regime’s accusations of nepotism and corruption, undermined the authority of the Prime Minister.
In accordance with the constitutional amendments adopted on January 25, 1975, the democratic parliamentary system was replaced by presidential rule and the transition to a one-party system led by the newly formed political alliance “BAKSAL” , which included all parties supporting the government of the party, including the Awami League. socialist, communist and popular. M. Rahman became president, received emergency powers and announced the need for a “second revolution”, which should end corruption and terrorism. The prime minister’s desire to establish an authoritarian regime exacerbated the discontent of some officers, which led to a bloody military coup.
The August 15 coup and the murder of M. Rahman
The organizers of the conspiracy are the majors Sayed Faruk Rahman, Abdur Rashid, Sharful Haq (Dalim), Raja Ahmed and A. K. M. Raja Ahmed, all of whom are representatives of the Bangladeshi army and war veterans ( mukti-bakhini ). The Minister of Commerce and a member of the executive committee of the ruling party of BAKSAL, Hyundakar Mushtak Ahmed , judging by a number of direct and indirect data, was aware of the plot preparation [5] . A somewhat different version of what happened during his 30-year investigation was suggested by journalist Lawrence Lifshultz, putting forward the first roles in the plot of Hyundakar Mushtak Ahmed and the CIA [6] .
The head of the armed forces, General Shafiullah, and the headquarters of the intelligence and security services of the Rakshi-Bahini People’s Police were completely unaware of the plot preparation.
The conspirators were divided into 4 groups, one of which, under the command of Major Hud, attacked the house of the Prime Minister. The guard platoon offered no resistance. The son of M. Rahman, Kamal, an army officer and the head of security of M. Rahman, Colonel Jamaluddin Ahmed were immediately shot dead. The Prime Minister was caught on the stairs between the floors and offered to lay down their duties, giving time for reflection. The new head of the army intelligence, Colonel Jameel, summoned by him, who soon arrived at the mansion, ordered the servicemen to return to the barracks and was killed at the gate. M. Rahman refused to go with the coup and was shot right on the stairs. Following this, all family members were shot: the wife of Prime Minister Begum Fazilatunnes, the sons of Jamal and 10-year-old Roussel, brother Abu Nasser, daughters-in-law, grandson, nephew with his wife, as well as occasional guests and servants - only 20 people. Only the two daughters of the president, Hasina and Rehana, who were abroad (in Germany ), survived.
The second group attacked the house and shot Fazlul Haq Monie there, M. Rahman’s nephew and influential leader of the Awami League and BAKSAL together with his pregnant wife. The third one shot Abdura Raba Serniabat, the husband of sister M. Rahman (and the Minister of Agriculture) along with 13 members of his family. The fourth group attacked the headquarters of the security forces and after the battle, which killed 11 people, captured her.
The officers involved in the coup and repression against the supporters of the former government were promoted to 2-3 ranks at once (including the organizer of the coup Sayed Faruk Rahman, produced from the Majors by the colonel), the murderers M. Rahman received immunity from prosecution, and four of his supporters in the government - former vice president Syed Nazrul Islam , the first prime minister of the country, a former finance minister Tajuddin Ahmad , a former Minister of industry A. HM Kamaruzzaman and former Prime Minister Mansur Ali - were pom scheny in Dhaka Central jail (November 3, 1975, they were shot there). The daughters of M. Rahman were forbidden to return to their homeland.
In 1998, after winning the election of the new Awami League, led by the returning daughter of M. Rahman Hasina Wazed, 15 people were convicted of this crime and sentenced to death. In 2001, the Supreme Court of Bangladesh acquitted three of them and actually froze the process (the government of Khaleda Zia , the widow of supporter of the putschists, former President Ziaur Rahman, came to power in the country). The six participants in the coup were convicted in absentia, as they were hiding abroad, one is believed to have died in Zimbabwe . Some were later extradited (for example, Colonel Hud, retired, who commanded the attack on M. Rahman’s house and served time in Thailand for shoplifting). Appeals to the Supreme Court filed five defendants. However, the court found no extenuating circumstances for them and on November 19, 2009, approved the death sentence. The definition of the court stated that the killing of the president, his family and other people were not caused by military or political necessity. The convicts were executed on January 28, 2010.
Additional Information
In the house-museum of M. Rahman, the staircase on which he was killed has remained unchanged. Next is a picture of his body on the steps and a caption: "Here you can shed tears!"
In 2008, they announced their intention to make a film “The Poet of Politics” ( English Poet of Politics ) about the life of M. Rahman [7] . The main roles were to be played by famous Indian actors Amitabh Bachchan , Abhishek Bachchan , Aishwarya Rai and Shabana Azmi . However, the film was never released.
The portrait of M. Rahman was depicted on almost all banknotes of the national currency during his rule, as well as in 1998-2001 and since 2009, when the authorities supported him.
Notes
- ↑ Rahman's family
- ↑ Rahman, (Bangabandhu) Sheikh Mujibur Neopr (Not available link) . The date of circulation is January 31, 2013. Archived March 17, 2013.
- ↑ Mission in the tropics
- ↑ BANGLADESH: A BENGALI ABBASI LURKING SOMEWHERE?
- ↑ Anthony Mascarenhas , Bangladesh: A Legacy of Blood ISBN 0-340-39420-X
- ↑ CIA involved in 1975 Bangla military coup
- ↑ Sukree Sukplang. Amitabh Bachchan to play Bangladesh founder (English) . Reuters (May 1, 2008). The appeal date is February 12, 2015.
Literature
- Rahman, Mujibur (biographical information) // Yearbook of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia . - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1972. - Vol. 1972 . - p . 610 .
- Yermoshkin NI Bangladesh: years of struggle and formation (1966-1974). - M .: Science , 1979. - 119 p.
- Going A. BC Bangladesh: the formation and development of statehood. - M .: Science, 1984. - 108 p.
- Puchkov V.P. Political Development of Bangladesh. 1971-1985 / USSR Academy of Sciences . Institute of Oriental Studies . - M .: Science, 1986. - 184 p. - 1800 copies
Links
- Online Museum of M. Rahman in Dhaka
- Mujibur Rahman
- Anthony Mascarenhas. Bangladesh: A Legacy of Blood. ISBN 0-340-39420-X
- Biography in Banglapedia