Repression in the Byelorussian SSR is the generic name of political persecution in the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic , which includes the persecution of people for suspicion of counter-revolutionary activities , the prosecution of the kulaks, people who hinder the nationalization of property.
Content
History
Political repressions in the BSSR, as in other republics of the USSR, began in the 20s of the 20th century. The emergence of a repressive system in the USSR at the turn of the 1920–1930s was a natural phenomenon in the context of civil war.
In the late 20s and early 30s, the struggle against the left and right opposition was completed. The task was to collectivize agriculture for the implementation of accelerated industrialization.
The repressive apparatus of the state has become an instrument for fighting the opponents. Various social groups, from former members of the party with pre-revolutionary experience to individual farmers, opposing collectivization, were subjected to political persecution.
Excluded members of the party came under repression first. In the years 1930-1931, the case of the nationalist counter-revolutionary, anti-Soviet organization Union of the Liberation of Belarus was fabricated. Its victims were representatives of the national revolutionary intelligentsia. On April 10, 1931, an extrajudicial ruling of the Judicial Board of the OGPU 86 people were convicted of belonging to this organization, among them V. Ignatovsky (committed suicide in the middle of the investigation), D. Zhilunovich , V. Lastovsky , A. Balitsky , D. Prischepov , A Adamovich , F. Imshenik and others.
The bulk of the Bolsheviks who played leading roles in the government of the SSRB and the BSSR perished. During the repressions in the BSSR, such representatives of the higher authorities as the first secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Belarus Nikolai Gikalo and Vasily Sharangovich , second secretaries Danila Volkovich and Nikolai Deniskevich , chairmen of the BSSR government Nikolai Goloded and Afanasy Kovalyov , chairmen of the USSR Central Executive Committee of the BSSR Alexander Chervyakov and Mikhail Stakun died .
In 1934–1936, the number of “enemies of the people” and “pests” excluded from the Communist Party of the BSSR was 10,831 people, for the period 1937-1938. exceeded 40 thousand people. As a result of the repressions, the number of the CPB was reduced by 15.5 thousand people (from 47 thousand to 31.526) [1] , which in fact means its complete renewal.
At the end of 1932, a case was fabricated about the activities of the Party of Peasants' Liberation Party, a counter-revolutionary kulak organization, which allegedly operated on the territory of the Pukhovichsky district. In this “case” 110 men were arrested. On April 2, 1933, by the decision of the “troika”, 101 people were sentenced to death. The sentence was carried out on April 6, 1933 in Minsk. Due to the absence of corpus delicti, all 110 people were fully rehabilitated in October 1956 [2] .
In 1937-1938 the state security department of the NKVD of the BSSR invented the “United Anti-Soviet Underground” in the BSSR as a common name for a number of cases to defeat “anti-Soviet sabotage, sabotage, terrorist and insurgent organizations”. The United Anti-Soviet Underground (OAP) allegedly included 13 autonomous organizations:
- Anti-Soviet nationalist organization "Belarusian national self-help"
- Anti-Soviet terrorist organization "Union of the struggle for the liberation of Belarus"
- Belarusian Autocephalous Church
- Bund Zionist Organization
- Cultural Aid to the Village counter-revolutionary organization
- Counterrevolutionary anti-Soviet organization “Belarusian Branch of the Menshevik Peasant Bureau”
- Organization right
- National fascist organization
- Zionist counter-revolutionary organization "Left Hekheluts"
- Zionist youth organization
- Trotsky terrorist organization
- Spy-rebel organization
- SR organization
The head of the 4th department of the UGB of the NKVD of the BSSR in a certificate dated June 1, 1938, submitted to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, summed up the "defeat of the anti-Soviet underground in the BSSR":
In total, the BSSR was arrested and exposed in 1937-1938. 2580 OAP participants, of which: Trotskyists and Zinovievists - 376 people, 177 right, 158 national fascists, 585 Social Revolutionaries, 198 Bundists, 7 Mensheviks, 1015 Zionists, 57 clergy and sectarians, clerics.
- Petrov Maxim. Great Terror in the BSSR // Grandfathers № 11 - 2012. p. 221-231
From June 10 to 19, 1937, the XVI Congress of the Communist Party of Great Britain (B) B took place in Minsk. His slogans were “mobilizing the Bolsheviks of Byelorussia to clean up their ranks from all kinds of double-dealers, Trotsky-Zinoviev and Bukharin-Rykov’s gangsters, national fascists and agents of German-Japanese-Polish fascism” and “unite KP (b) B around the Central Committee of the CPSU (b ) around Comrade Stalin. " Nine delegates, including Nikolai Goloded , were deprived of their mandates and arrested during the congress. Goloded was arrested on June 14, 1937 in Moscow and sent to Minsk. Here, on June 21, during the next interrogation, he jumped out of the window from the fifth floor of the NKVD building and crashed to death. Member of the Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Belarus, Chairman of the CEC of the Soviets of the BSSR, Alexander Chervyakov, on June 16, during a break between meetings of the congress, shot himself right in his office. In a suicide note, in particular, it was said: “Everyone turned away from me. The most awkward accusations of double-dealing are being thrown to me ... ” A few hours later the CP (B) B Congress continued its work [3] .
Of the 64 members of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (B) B elected by the congress, 34 were soon arrested, and of the 21 candidates for membership in the Central Committee - 8. In the next year and a half, all elected bureau of the Central Committee consisting of 11 people (B. Berman, I. Belov, D Valkovich, A. Voronchenko, M. Deniskevich, I. Zhuravlev, A. Mezis, M. Nizovtsev, V. Potapeyko. M. Stakun, V. Sharangovich), as well as all 8 candidates for bureau members (A. Avgustaytis. F. Voinovich, L. Gottfried, I. Zhabrov, N. Litvin, R. Rubinstein. I. Surta, D. Yurkov).
Already on July 27, 1937, the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) adopted a resolution on the leadership of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (b) B. Vasily Sharangovich and Nikolai Deniskevich were dismissed from their posts by the first and second secretaries of the Central Committee of the CP (b) B, and their affairs as “enemies of the people” were transferred to the NKVD bodies. Deniskevich was shot on October 29, 1937, Sharangovich - on March 15, 1938. Sharangovich was portrayed as the head of the “gang of Polish spies, pests, saboteurs”, and also the head of the “Belarusian underground organization of conspirators”.
On July 29, a plenum of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (b) B was held, inviting all secretaries of the city and district committees of the BSSR Party to it. G. Malenkov and J. Yakovlev participated in the plenum. Of the 24 speakers, 20 were arrested and soon shot. Due to the fact that the CP (B) B was left without leadership, until August 11, the "Republican detachment" was solely commanded by Y. Yakovlev. Soon Yakovlev also shared the fate of his victims, he was shot on July 29, 1938.
From August 1937 to June 1938, 34 of the 64 members of the Central Committee [4] were arrested and shot, 8 of the 21 candidates for membership of the Central Committee. Among the convicts were 40 people's commissars and their deputies, 24 secretaries of district, city and district PBC committees, 20 chairmen of district, city and district executive committees of councils, 25 academicians and researchers of the Academy of Sciences of the BSSR, 20 writers [5] .
Bronislav Tarashkevich was arrested on May 6, 1937 on a fictitious charge of organizing the Belarusian Nationalist Center, on January 5, 1938 he was sentenced to death and suspended for 10 months; November 29, 1938 - shot at Kommunarka . Rehabilitated January 26, 1957 [6] .
Some of the Belarusian leaders were shot from October 29 to October 30, 1937 [7] .
The next XVIII CP (b) B Congress took place a year from June 10 to 18, 1938. This time 9 people became members of the Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks): A. Ananyev. P. Golikov, A. Kuznetsov, M. Kuznetsov, A. Levitsky, A. Nasedkin, N. Natalevich, P. Ponomarenko. M. Rapinsky. Three of them later were also arrested - A. Ananyev (in 1940), A. Kuznetsov (in 1939) and A. Nasedkin (in 1939).
The number of repressed
The exact number of people who were victims of political repression in the BSSR is difficult to determine, since many migrants remained living in the deportation territory, having acquired families there, part of the archives of the Republic in accordance with the Copyright Law is closed for use and will be open only from 2020 (75 years old, if the author worked during the war). The population of the BSSR according to the census of 1937 was 5 million 110 thousand.
Part of the repressed were convicted by judicial or extrajudicial bodies ( "troika" , special commissions of the OGPU , NKVD , MGB ).
According to official data, from November 1917 to April 1953, judicial and extrajudicial bodies in the BSSR examined over 170 thousand cases involving 250 thousand people who were brought to justice for political reasons.
From this amount:
- 10 thousand people were repressed in 1917-1929
- 46 thousand - in 1929-1934
- 85 thousand - in 1935-1940
- 55 thousand - in 1941-1945
- 50 thousand - in 1946-1953.
Thus, over 250 thousand citizens were brought to justice for political reasons by judicial and extrajudicial bodies in the republic for the period 1917-1953. All these cases are fully preserved and are in the archives of the State Security Committee of the Republic [8] .
According to V. I. Adamushko, in the period from 1935 to 1940, a total of 86,168 people were involved . According to the summary statistics of repressive activities of state security agencies, published by the historian O. B. Mozokhin, 82,168 people were arrested during this period:
- In 1935 - 9221 people were involved, of which 7309 people were arrested;
- In 1936, 5155 people were involved, of which 4602 were arrested;
- In 1937, it was 39,049, and the involvement without arrest by the NKVD was not practiced;
- In 1938, it was 19,918, and the attraction without arrest by the NKVD bodies was not practiced;
- In 1939, 10,196 (including 8,818 people in Western Belorussia), data are not available;
- In 1940 - 1094 people, data not available. [9]
February 28, 2017 at a round table organized by the newspaper “SB. Belarus Today ”, the first deputy chairman of the KGB, Major General Igor Sergeenko, declared [10] .
I would like to give some figures regarding the archives of the State Security Committee. It is clear that during the Great Patriotic War, part of the archives was destroyed, but this part is completely insignificant. Therefore, today, relying on actual figures, I can say: in criminal cases - by judicial and non-judicial means - 235.5 thousand people were repressed. This is for the entire period - from the 1920s to the 1950s. These are cases located in the Central Archive of the KGB and the archives of the regional administrations, concerning and imprisoned and executed. Of these, 176 thousand were rehabilitated.
According to differing estimates by some researchers, the number of people repressed in one form or another in the Byelorussian SSR from 20 to 50 years of the 20th century ranges from 600,000 to 1,500,000 people [11] [12] . At the same time, many other criteria for evaluation, such as dismissal from work, are among the repressions.
Number of deportees
The number of those affected by the administrative repressions (dispossession, deportation) is about 350 thousand people.
The number of people shot
In the period 1935-1940, more than 28 thousand were shot [8] . In total, in November 1917 - April 1953, 35,868 people were sentenced to death for "counterrevolutionary crimes" [13] .
In the published consolidated reports of repressive activities of state security bodies, data on executions are given, as a rule, without a breakdown by territorial and structural bodies of the NKVD. Such a breakdown is only for the period from 1927 to 1933, and the available data concern only those convicted by local “troika”. Meanwhile, sentences in the cases of the Belarusian state security bodies were also imposed by the courts. According to statistics published by O. B. Mozokhin, the “troika” under the Belarusian embassy of the OGPU were sentenced to capital punishment:
- In 1927 - 94 people
- In 1928 - 81
- In 1929 - 54
- In 1930 - 997
- In 1931 - 124
- In 1932 - 28 people [14] .
Data since 1933 are defective. By the beginning of May 1933, 13,414 people were convicted by the state security bodies in the BSSR, including 2,158 to be shot, the total number of people shot allegedly at least 3,500 [15] . Thus, according to the all-Union statistics, the total number of those sentenced to be shot in the BSSR from 1927 to 1932 was 1,378, 1927-1933 - at least 5 thousand death sentences.
In 1939, I was transferred to solitary confinement. I carefully examined the walls in search of inscriptions - and here in the corner I read the text of the poem, scratched with something sharp on the wall. This was the last meeting with my favorite poet and friend Mikhas Charot. For years, I kept his words in his heart:
"I am not a chuck
I'm not guessing
I love my soul,
What a fierce bjada,
Padruzhits
Z turmoyu.
Good day
lihvyary
Mäne has crated.
I jump to you, sabry,
Mae Pali,
May bars, -
I think you - I do not win! "
For the period 1935-1940. In the BSSR 28,425 death sentences were issued.
From the all-Union statistics, it is known that in the years 1935-1936 and 1939-1940 the number of death sentences handed down in cases of state security organs was insignificant. Across the Soviet Union, the following were sentenced to death:
- In 1935 - 1229 people
- In 1936 - 1118
- In 1939 - 2601
- In 1940 - 1863 people [9]
The vast majority of sentences in 1937-1938. extrajudicial organs were rendered as part of the so-called “mass operations” of the NKVD — operations under order No. 00447 (the so-called “kulak”, although not only the kulaks were repressed within its framework) and “national” operations (“Polish”, “German”, "Latvian", etc.) .
Within the framework of the “kulak” operation, 386,798 people were sentenced to capital punishment, and 247,157 people were sentenced to “national” operations. Repressed by "mass operations" make up 93% of the total number of repressed in 1937-1938 [16] .
According to the data of the GUGB of the NKVD of the USSR, by March 1, 1938, by order No. 00447, 24,209 people were arrested in the BSSR, 6869 of them were convicted in the first category (shooting) (including 3943 "former fists, 996 criminals and 1930" other counter-revolutionary elements ") [17] .
According to the results of the "national" operations in the BSSR in December 1938 in the certificate of the NKVD of the BSSR "On the results of operations on the Polish, German and Latvian agents in the BSSR" from August 1937 to the end of October 1938 23,439 people were arrested in connection with the "national" operations , including:
- on the "Polish" operation - 21 407 people
- on the "German" operation - 563 people
- on the "Latvian" operation - 1459 people.
As of June 1, 1938, out of this number 22,517 people were condemned, including 18,687 people under capital punishment.
According to the census of 1937, 119,881 Poles lived in the territory of the BSSR. The certificate “On the results of the operation on Polish, German and Latvian agents in the BSSR, in the period from August 1937 to September 1938” on the consideration of the cases of Polish “spies” and “saboteurs” in the NKVD of the USSR and the Special Troika of the NKVD of the BSSR states that the total number of 15,747 arrested, convicted by the decision of the NKVD of the USSR and the Prosecutor's Office of the USSR 14,037 people were sentenced to death, 6,770 people were convicted by a special troop of the NKVD of the BSSR, including 6,650 to death penalty. 18,687 were sentenced to death and 18,687 were executed [18] . Clarifying information suggests about 20 thousand sentenced to death [13] . Families of those shot were often deported to the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic and other places in the country.
In 2010, the head of the Central Archive of the KGB of the Republic of Belarus, V. Doroshevich, published data on the number of archival and criminal cases of the Stalin period stored in the archives of the Belarusian state security. The KGB archive in Minsk keeps files on 64,022 repressed, which is 27% of the total number of cases available [19] .
Если число расстрельных приговоров составляло примерно такой же процент, то в 1937—1938 годах в Минске к высшей мере наказания было приговорено около 7,5 тыс. человек. В 1998 году генеральный прокурор РБ О.Бажелко, основываясь на результатах дополнительных раскопок в Куропатах, назвал схожую цифру — до 7 тыс. человек [20] .
Генерал-майор Игорь Сергеенко также сказал, что по имеющимся в архиве КГБ документам, он может назвать 11 мест в БССР, где кроме Куропат проводились расстрелы, среди них Бобруйск, Борисов, Витебск, Гомель, Могилёв, Мозырь, Орша, Полоцк, Слуцк, Червень [10] .
Социальный состав репрессированных
Как высказался известный исследователь Земсков: "Проблема отсева уголовников из общего числа осуждённых за контрреволюционные и другие особо опасные государственные преступления является гораздо серьёзнее, нежели это может показаться на первый взгляд. Если в источнике МБРФ и был произведён их отсев, то далеко не полный. В одной из справок, подготовленных 1-м спецотделом МВД СССР в декабре 1953 года, имеется пометка: «Всего осуждённых за 1921—1938 гг. — 2 944 849 чел., из них 30% (1 062 тыс.) — уголовники» (ГАРФ. Ф. 9401. Оп. 1. Д. 4157. Л. 202). Это означает, что в 1921—19 38 годы осуждённых чисто политических насчитывалось 1 883 тыс.; за период же 1921—1953 годов получается не 4 060 тыс., а менее 3 млн. Это при условии, если в 1939—1953 годы среди осуждённых «контрреволюционеров» не было уголовников, что весьма сомнительно. Правда, на практике имели место факты, когда и политические осуждались по уголовным статьям". [21] .
Социальный состав реабилитированных
На основании анализа [8] 7000 личных карточек учета реабилитированных жителей Минска и Минской области (1 % от всех жертв политических преследований) в 1955—1993 годах, можно сделать следующий выводы о социальном составе репрессированных в БССР в 1920-50 гг.
По половому признаку:
- 89 % — мужчины
- 11 % — женщины
По возрастному признаку:
- Более 90 % — в возрасте от 18 до 50 лет
По социальному происхождению:
- 68,5 % — крестьяне
- 16 % — рабочие
- 8,2 % — служащие
- 1,5 % — дворяне
- 0,8 % — духовенство
- 0,5 % — купечество
По партийной принадлежности:
- 87,2 % — беспартийные
- 11,5 % — коммунисты
По профессиональной принадлежности:
- 15,8 % — колхозники
- 14,3 % — единоличники
- 7,9 % — рабочие
- 1,5 % — учителя
- 0,9 % — инженеры
- 0,6 % — творческая интеллигенция
По национальному признаку:
- 64,1 % — белорусы
- 17,2 % — поляки
- 8,9 % — евреи
- 3,8 % — русские
- 6 % — украинцы, литовцы, татары, прочие.
По образованию:
- 34,8 % — незаконченное начальное
- 27,6 % — начальное
- 9,6 % — среднее
- 8,1 % — высшее
- 7,2 % — неполное среднее
- 5,7 % — неграмотные
- 2,4 % — незаконченное высшее
- 0,6 % — среднее специальное
По юрисдикции:
- 11,7 % — судебные органы
- 88,3 % — внесудебные органы, из них:
- 34,8 % — тройки
- 21,6 % — особое совещания
- 26,1 % — двойки
- 4,5 % — коллегия ОГПУ
- 1,3 % — прочие
По статьям УК:
- 38,7 % — 72, пропаганда и агитация против советской власти
- 38 % — 68, шпионаж
- 29 % — 76, организационная деятельность против советской власти
- 8,9 % — 69, подрыв государственной промышленности
- 8,8 % — 63, измена Родине
- 7,3 % — 64, подготовка вооруженного восстания
- 7 % — 58 , контрреволюционная деятельность
- 6,9 % — 71, разрушение или повреждение государственной собственности
- 5,7 % — 70, осуществление террористических актов
Практика применение высшей меры наказания (расстрела)
Согласно статье 25 УК БССР высшая мера наказания являлась временно допустимой в случаях «наиболее тяжких преступлений, угрожающих основам советской власти», при этом смертная казнь была запрещена в отношении несовершеннолетних и беременных женщин. В соответствии с УК БССР 1928 г. наказание в виде смертной казни могло быть применено за совершение свыше 60 видов преступлений, которые входили во II раздел УК (контрреволюционные преступления) по статьям 63-72, 74-76, 79, 80, 83-85, 87 [22] .
При смягчающих обстоятельствах высшая мера наказания могла быть заменена лишением свободы. По статистике вынесения приговоров по этим статьям в 1935-1940 годах высшая мера наказания применялась в 32% от числа случаев привлечения к ответственности судебными и внесудебными органами, или 34,5% от числа арестов.
Последствия репрессий
В числу известных людей Республики, подвергшихся репрессиям относятся:
- Всеволод Игнатовский — создатель белорусской коммунистической организации (БКО), участник подписания манифеста о провозглашении ССРБ, первый президент Института белорусской культуры, с декабря 1928 года президент Академии наук БССР, директор Института истории АН БССР, активный деятель белорусизации. Застрелился 4 февраля 1931 года.
- Ти́шка Га́ртный — поэт, писатель и журналист, первый руководитель Советской Социалистической Республики Беларусь , арестован и покончил жизнь самоубийством в тюрьме 11 апреля 1937 года.
- Александр Червяков — один из создателей манифеста о провозглашении БССР, руководитель БССР и активный участник периода укрупнения, член ЦИК СССР от БССР с 1922 по 1937. Застрелился 16 июня 1937 года.
- Михась Чарот — поэт, писатель и политик, член ЦИК БССР, убит 29 октября 1937.
- Бронислав Тарашкевич — лингвист, переводчик и политик, депутат от КПЗБ в польском сейме, убит 23 ноября 1938 года.
- Вацлав Ластовский — историк литературы, член Белорусской Академии наук , бывший председатель Совета министров Белорусской Народной Республики , 23 января 1938 года расстрелян.
- Вера Хоружая — обвинялась по статьям 66, 68 п. «а» и 76 УК БССР как польская шпионка. Находилась в заключении 2 года. Оправдана судом 15 августа 1939.
- Адам Станкевич — римско-католический священник, политик. Похоронен 10 декабря 1949 года на кладбище Озерлага .
Академия наук БССР оказалась разгромленной. С января 1937 года по декабрь 1938 она потеряла более 100 ученых. Осталось 6 (4,32 %) аспирантов из 139, которые имелись в 1934 году. Институты философии и экономики в 1938 г. вообще закрыли. До 1940 года были репрессированы свыше 60 % членов Союза писателей БССР состава 1935 года - 238 человек. Из них выжили лишь 20 (8.4 %) [18] .
По данным историка Леонида Морякова с 1920 по 1960 годов репрессии коснулись около 1520 медицинских работников, включая около 500 врачей и 200 медсестер. [23]
Хронология и статистика реабилитации репрессированных
С 1954 по 2000 год около 200 000 жертв политических репрессий в БССР были реабилитированы . [11] [24] . Верховный суд БССР начал пересмотр дел осужденных по статьям 63-76 УК БССР и статьи 58 УК РСФСР с января 1954.
Основной объем этих дел был пересмотрен во второй половине 1956 - первой половине 1961 г. За это время было рассмотрено свыше 30 тыс. дел, которые касались более 50 тыс. человек. Около 40 тыс. из них было реабилитировано [25] .
Делами реабилитации занималась также Военная коллегия Верховного суда СССР, которая вместе с военными трибуналами округов реабилитировала по СССР свыше 300 тыс. человек, в том числе свыше 20 тыс. жителей Беларуси [25] .
Новый этап масштабной реабилитации в СССР начался во второй половине 80-х. 28 сентября была создана комиссия по дополнительному изучению материалов, связанных с репрессиями, которые имели место в период с 30-х по 2 пол. 50-х. Уже в январе 1989 года Советом Министров БССР было принято решение о возведении памятников жертвам, Совет издал постановление «Об увековечивании памяти жертв массовых репрессий 1937-1941 годов в лесном массиве Куропаты», однако, вследствие последующих событий оно не было выполнено [26] .
Прокуратуре СССР было поручено пересмотреть все дела репрессированных в 30-50 независимо от наличия заявлений и жалоб, а судам было необходимо рассмотреть эти дела в первую очередь. 16 января 1989 года Президиум Верховного Совета СССР принял решение отменить все несудебные репрессивные решения. Граждане, которые пострадали от этих решений были признаны реабилитированными. В августе 1990 года президент СССР Горбачев дал официальную морально-правовую оценку репрессий [27] .
Белорусское законодательство отличилось отчетливой характеристикой категорий лиц, подпадающих под реабилитацию. Согласно Постановлению Верховного Совета БССР от 29 декабря 1990 г. Такими являются:
- а) лица, незаконно осужденные судами по обвинению в совершении государственных (контрреволюционных) преступлений;
- б) лица, репрессированные по решению несудебных органов: коллегий и особых совещаний ВЧК, ГПУ - ОГП, НКВД, МГБ, «двоек», «Троек» ГПУ, УНКВД - НКВД;
- в) крестьяне, члены их семей и другие граждане, незаконно отправленные в ссылку, высылку, направленные на спецпоселение, удаленные за пределы Белорусского ССР в административном порядке [28] .
Хронология и статистика реабилитации:
- До 1954 г. было рассмотрено 29 тыс. дел, реабилитировано свыше 35 тыс. человек.
- В период 1956-1962 гг. - реабилитировано согласно одним данным 29 012 человек и в партийном порядке - около 200 человек, по другим сведениям - около 60 тыс. человек.
- В Постановлении Секретариата ЦК КПСС от 7 июля 1990 г. «О ходе выполнения Постановлений ЦК КПСС от 11 июля 1988 года и 5 января 1989 г. по вопросам реабилитации лиц, необоснованно репрессированных в 30-40-х и в начале 50-х годов было заявлено, что в судебном порядке в Белорусском ССР реабилитирована 53513 человек.
- В мае 1993 г. Президиум Верховного Совета Беларуси констатировал, что «в соответствии с законодательством Республики Беларусь в 1990-1992 гг. реабилитировано более 37 тысяч граждан, незаконно репрессированных по политическим мотивов в судебном и административном порядке. Местными Советами народных депутатов решено более 10 тысяч заявлений реабилитированных граждан о восстановлении их прав. Примерно 2 тысячам реабилитированных уплачены ... компенсации за время пребывания в местах лишения свободы».
- В 1993 г. было реабилитирована еще свыше 13 тыс. человек. Таким образом, за четыре года реализации собственно белорусского законодательства реабилитации добились 50672 человека, из них 29 336 было реабилитировано органами внутренних дел, так как по отношению к ним использовались административные методы репрессий [29] .
See also
- Дело Союза освобождения Беларуси
Literature
- Гісторыя Беларусі (у кантэксце сусветных цывілізацый). Вучэбн. дапаможнік / В. І. Галубовіч, З. В. Шыбека, Д. М. Чаркасаў і інш.; Пад рэд. В. І. Галубовіча і Ю. М. Бохана. — Мн.: Экаперспектыва, 2005.— 584 с. ISBN 985-469-120-9 .
- Касцюк М. Бальшавіцкая сістэма ўлады на Беларусі / М. Касцюк. — Менск: ВП «Экаперспектыва», 2000. — 307 с. ISBN 985-6102-30-8 .
- Маракоў Л.У. Рэпрэсаваныя літаратары, навукоўцы, работнікі асветы, грамадскія і культурныя дзеячы Беларусі, 1794—1991. Энц. даведнік. У 10 т. Т. 1. — Мн:, 2003. ISBN 985-6374-04-9 .
- Маракоў Л.У. Рэпрэсаваныя літаратары, навукоўцы, работнікі асветы, грамадскія і культурныя дзеячы Беларусі, 1794—1991. Энц. даведнік. У 10 т. Т. 2. — Мн:, 2003. ISBN 985-6374-04-9 .
- Маракоў Л.У. Рэпрэсаваныя літаратары, навукоўцы, работнікі асветы, грамадскія і культурныя дзеячы Беларусі, 1794—1991. Энц. даведнік. У 10 т. Т. 3. Кн.1. — Мн:, 2003. ISBN 985-6374-04-9 .
- Маракоў Л.У. Рэпрэсаваныя літаратары, навукоўцы, работнікі асветы, грамадскія і культурныя дзеячы Беларусі, 1794—1991. Энц. даведнік. У 10 т. Т. 3. Кн. 2. — Мн:, 2003. ISBN 985-6374-04-9 .
- Маракоў Л.У. Рэпрэсаваныя літаратары, навукоўцы, работнікі асветы, грамадскія і культурныя дзеячы Беларусі, 1794—1991. Энц. даведнік. У 10 т. Т. 4. — Мн:, 2007.
- Маракоў Л.У. Рэпрэсаваныя праваслаўныя свяшчэнна- і царкоўнаслужыцелі Беларусі 1917—1967: Энцыклапедычны даведнік: У 2 т. Т. 1. — Мн:, 2007.
- Маракоў Л.У. Рэпрэсаваныя праваслаўныя свяшчэнна- і царкоўнаслужыцелі Беларусі 1917—1967: Энцыклапедычны даведнік: У 2 т. Т. 2. — Мн:, 2007.
- Рэабілітацыя: Зборнік дакументаў і нарматыўных актаў па рэабілітацыі ахвяраў палітычных рэпрэсіяў 1920-1980-х гадоў у Беларусі / Уклад. А. Дзярновіч. — Менск: Athenaeum, 2001. — 177 с. — (Athenaeum, Т. III; Архіў найноўшае гісторыі = Modern history archive). ISBN 985-6374-12-X .
- ВОЗВРАЩЕННЫЕ ИМЕНА. Сотрудники АН Беларуси, пострадавшие в период сталинских репрессий. Comp. и авт. предисл. Н. В. Токарев; Под редакцией академика АН Беларуси А. С. Махнача. — Мн.: Навука i тэхніка, 1992. — 120 с.: ил.
Links
Notes
- ↑ Энцыклапедыя гісторыі Беларусі, том 6, книга II. with. 200; том 6, книга I, с. 285
- ↑ Адамушка У.I. Палітычныя рэпрэсii 20-50-х гадоў на Беларусi. Мінск, 1994. С. 96.
- ↑ Gazetaby.com Как убивали «всебелорусского старосту»
- ↑ Как убивали «всебелорусского старосту»
- ↑ Петров Максим. Большой террор в БССР // Деды № 11 — 2012. C. 221—231
- ↑ Браніслаў Тарашкевіч // Беларускія пісьменнікі (1917—1990) : Даведнік / Склад. А. К. Гардзіцкі; нав. red А. Л. Верабей. — Мн.: Мастацкая літаратура, 1994. — С. 534—535.
- ↑ Homo Liber — Эммануил Иоффе. Раздел III. Григорий Рапопорт.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Адамушка У.I. Палітычныя рэпрэсii 20-50-х гадоў на Беларусi. Мінск, 1994. С. 9.
- ↑ 1 2 Мозохин О. Б. Статистические сведения о деятельности органов ВЧК-ОГПУ-НКВД-МГБ (1918—1953 гг.): Статистический справочник. М., 2016. С. 153, 159, 164, 168, 173, 180.
- ↑ 1 2 История должна нас объединять (рус.) . The appeal date is March 1, 2017.
- ↑ 1 2 В. Ф. Кушнер. Грамадска-палітычнае жыццё ў БССР у 1920—1930-я гг. // Гісторыя Беларусі (у кантэксьце сусьветных цывілізацыяў) С. 370.
- ↑ 600 000 ахвяраў — прыблізная лічба Архивировано 11 марта 2012 года. : з І. Кузьняцовым гутарыць Руслан Равяка // Наша Ніва, 3 кастрычніка 1999.
- ↑ 1 2 Адамушка У.I. Рэпрэсii палітычныя рэпрэсii ў СССР // Беларуская энцыклапедыя. Мінск, 2002. Т. 14. С. 21.
- ↑ Мозохин О. Б. Указ. cit. С. 82, 93, 107, 114, 122, 129. Стоит отметить, что данные о численности расстрелянных в 1932 г. подтверждаются независимыми источниками. См.: Тепляков А. Г. Динамика государственного террора… С. 52, сноска 8
- ↑ Тепляков А. Г. Динамика государственного террора… С. 50-54.
- ↑ Юнге М., Бордюгов Г., Биннер Р. Вертикаль большого террора. История операции по приказу НКВД № 00447. М., 2008. С. 598.
- ↑ Трагедия советской деревни. Коллективизация и раскулачивание, 1927—1939: Документы и материалы. М., 2006. Т. 5. Кн. 2. С. 57.
- ↑ 1 2 Петров Максим. Большой террор в БССР // Деды № 11 - 2012. C. 221-231
- ↑ Волков В. История без секретов // Рэспубліка. 2010. № 85 (12 мая). С. 6.
- ↑ Пресс-релиз Белорусского Хельсинкского комитета.
- ↑ Земсков В. Н., «О масштабах политических репрессий в СССР», Мир и Политика № 6 (33), июнь 2009 г. Стр. 89-105
- ↑ УК БССР 1928 г.
- ↑ …А медсястра ў вар'ятку ператварылася Архивная копия от 10 марта 2012 на Wayback Machine // Наша Ніва , 13 верасьня 2010
- ↑ Рэабілітацыя: Зборнік дакументаў і нарматыўных актаў па рэабілітацыі ахвяраў палітычных рэпрэсіяў 1920—1980 гадоў у Беларусі / Укладальнік і аўтар каментарыяў Алег Дзярновіч. — Мн.: Athenaeum, 2001.
- ↑ 1 2 Рэабілітацыя: Зборнік дакументаў і нарматыўных актаў па рэабілітацыі ахвяраў палітычных рэпрэсіяў 1920—1980 гадоў у Беларусі / Укладальнік і аўтар каментарыяў Алег Дзярновіч. — Мн.: Athenaeum, 2001. С.21
- ↑ Рэабілітацыя: Зборнік дакументаў і нарматыўных актаў па рэабілітацыі ахвяраў палітычных рэпрэсіяў 1920—1980 гадоў у Беларусі / Укладальнік і аўтар каментарыяў Алег Дзярновіч. — Мн.: Athenaeum, 2001. С.23
- ↑ Рэабілітацыя: Зборнік дакументаў і нарматыўных актаў па рэабілітацыі ахвяраў палітычных рэпрэсіяў 1920—1980 гадоў у Беларусі / Укладальнік і аўтар каментарыяў Алег Дзярновіч. — Мн.: Athenaeum, 2001. С.24
- ↑ Рэабілітацыя: Зборнік дакументаў і нарматыўных актаў па рэабілітацыі ахвяраў палітычных рэпрэсіяў 1920—1980 гадоў у Беларусі / Укладальнік і аўтар каментарыяў Алег Дзярновіч. — Мн.: Athenaeum, 2001. С.25
- ↑ Рэабілітацыя: Зборнік дакументаў і нарматыўных актаў па рэабілітацыі ахвяраў палітычных рэпрэсіяў 1920—1980 гадоў у Беларусі / Укладальнік і аўтар каментарыяў Алег Дзярновіч. — Мн.: Athenaeum, 2001. С.27