Mesolithic monuments of the 11th – 9th millennia BC, found at the Seroglazovo station in the Astrakhan region gave the name to the Seroglaz culture (Kugat IV, Kulagaisi, Cairo-Shak 1, Cairo-Shak III, Tentek-Sor, Zhe-Kalgan) [1] [2] [3] . Neolithic sites were discovered in the interfluve of the Volga and the Urals , in Ryn-sands , in the region of Dosang, Seroglazov, and Karauzek [4] . The sites of the Caspian Caspian culture — Kok-Murun, Shoshak III, Tau-Tyube Zapadnaya, Karauzek, Koshalak [5] belong to the Eneolithic in the Astrakhan region. In the Middle Bronze Age (4300–3800 years ago), catastrophic climate aridization led to desertification and a paleoecological crisis in the steppes of the Lower Volga. In the second millennium BC. e. humidification occurred. This paleoecological crisis had a significant impact on the economies of the tribes in the late catacomb and post-catacomb times, manifested in their higher mobility and in the transition to nomadic cattle breeding [6] . The post-catacomb Krivolutsk cultural group of the Middle Bronze Final of the Lower Volga region was named after the burial grounds in the Krivoy Luka region of the Chernoyarsk region [7] [8] .
In the VIII-X centuries, the territories were part of the Khazar Khaganate . There are suggestions that in the territory of modern Astrakhan region the capital of the Khazar Kaganate Itil was located, destroyed by Prince Svyatoslav in 965 . Later the Polovtsy settled here, who were replaced by the Mongol-Tatars in the first half of the 13th century , later the Tatars of the Astrakhan Khanate and Kazakhs lived here. Samosdelsky settlement is known as the alleged location of the last capital of the Khazar Khaganate.
About 130 km north of the modern city of Astrakhan in the area of the village of Selitrenny Kharabalinsky district was the capital of the Golden Horde Saray-Batu . In 1261, Sarai-Batu became the center of the newly formed Sarai diocese of the Russian Church . Under Khan Uzbek (reigned 1313–1341), the capital of the Golden Horde was moved to New Saray on the Akhtuba River near the present village of Tsaryov, Leninsky District, Volgograd Region.
In 1558, the Astrakhan Khanate was annexed to the Russian state. Astrakhan Territory is a southeastern military outpost of the Russian state. In particular, in 1569, the Turks unsuccessfully besieged the Astrakhan fortress. In 1597, the construction of the Transfiguration of the Savior Monastery, begun in 1578, was completed in Astrakhan. According to the testimony of Anthony Jenkinson, in the second half of the 16th century , sharp-bottom round-bottom transport vessels (beads) with a carrying capacity of more than 200 tons were built in Astrakhan [9] [10] .
In the XVII century in the Astrakhan region there was a development of trade, fisheries and salt industries.
In the middle of the XVII century, the uprising of Stepan Razin took place on the territory of the Astrakhan Territory.
In 1705-1706, local residents rebelled against the policies of Peter I ( Astrakhan uprising ).
In 1722, a shipyard was built near the mouth of the Kutum canal, called the Astrakhan Admiralty. In 1730-1740, processing of silk and cotton began in the Astrakhan province.
By a decree of November 15, 1802, the Astrakhan province was divided into Astrakhan and the Caucasus. However, the separation of the Astrakhan province from the Caucasus ended only on January 6, 1832, when the corresponding decree was signed.
In 1917, the Kyrgyz steppe was separated into a separate Bukeev province .
On March 10, 1919, the workers of the Astrakhan factories Vulkan, Etna, Kavkaz and Mercury stopped their work and began a peaceful rally, discussing their difficult financial situation. A rally of ten thousand was cordoned off by machine gunners, sailors and grenade launchers. After the refusal of the workers to disperse, they opened fire. Member of the Revolutionary Military Council K. A. Mekhonoshin [11] [12] commanded the execution.
In 1919, Tsarevsky and Chernoyarsk counties were transferred to Tsaritsyn province . A year later, the Kalmyk steppe became part of the Kalmyk Autonomous Region . As a result, 3 counties remained in the Astrakhan province: Astrakhan, Enotaevsky and Krasnoyarsk. In 1925, counties were abolished, and instead , districts were formed: Baskunchaksky, Biryuchekosinsky, Bolkhunsky, Enotaevsky, Zatsarevsky, Ikryaninsky, Kamyzyaksky, Krasnoyarsk, Mogoysky, Nikolsky, Raznochinsky, Trusovsky, Kharabalinsky [13] .
In Soviet times, the territory of the modern Astrakhan region was included in the Lower Volga region (1928), the Lower Volga region (1928-1934), the Stalingrad region (1934-1936) and the Stalingrad region until December 27, 1943 , when by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council The USSR was created Astrakhan region (it included part of the areas of the abolished Kalmyk ASSR and the Astrakhan district of the Stalingrad region) [14] .
In 1976, the Astrakhan gas condensate field was discovered . Since 1985, the Astrakhan gas processing plant has been operating.
Notes
- ↑ Koltsov P. M., Koltsova K. P. Neolithic cultures of the North Caspian region (state of the problem), 2014
- ↑ Mesolithic in the Astrakhan region
- ↑ Melentiev A.N. Monuments of Seroglazov culture (Neolithic of the Northern Caspian) // Stone Age. - Brief communications of the Institute of Archeology. - IA RAS , 1975 .-- S. 113.
- ↑ Neolithic in the Astrakhan region
- ↑ Eneolithic in the Astrakhan region
- ↑ Paleoecological crisis in the steppes of the Lower Volga region in the Middle of the Bronze Age (III – II centuries BC) , 2017
- ↑ Savrasov A. S. Modern directions of studying the problems of the eastern area of the catacomb cultural and historical region // Archaeological sites of Eastern Europe. Vol. 13. - Voronezh, 2009.S. 94-111
- ↑ Past R.A. 2004. Burials of the Middle Bronze Finals of the Lower Volga // Problems of Archeology of the Lower Volga: Abstracts of the First International Lower Volga Archaeological Conference. Volgograd.
- ↑ Russian beads (beads) of the Caspian Sea
- ↑ Tushin Yu.P. Russian navigation on the Caspian, Azov and Black Seas. M., 1978. p. 40.
- ↑ Silin P. Cheka. Materials on the activities of the Extraordinary Commission. Berlin. 1922, p. 248-255.
- ↑ History of the Astrakhan Territory: Monograph. - Astrakhan: Publishing house of the Astrakhan state. ped University, 2000.122 p. The establishment of Soviet power in the region. The fighting in the years 1918-1919
- ↑ The territorial and administrative division of the USSR as of January 1, 1926. - M .: Publishing House of the Main Directorate of the Communal Services of the NKVD, 1926. - 284 p.
- ↑