Central-Eastern Friulian dialects

The following dialects and dialects belong to the Central-East Friulian group ^{[4] [7]} :

• Central African dialect (distributed in the territory from the foothills of the Alps in the north to the Adriatic coast in the south, and from the Tagliamento river in the west to the city of Gorizia in the east, includes innovative dialects of the cities of Udine and Chividali ):
  • general Central African dialects;
  • the talk of the middle reaches of the river Tallaimento;
  • Eastern prealpine dialects;
  • the collover dialects are centrally;
  • the talk of the city of Udine and its surroundings;
  • the talk of the city of Cividale and its surroundings;
  • central-southern dialects;
• Goritsian dialect (distributed mainly in the territory of the province of Gorizia and in a small part of the territory of the province of Udine , adjacent to the Goritsian districts - in the zone of Gorizia- Monfalcone - Aquileia );
• southeastern Tallament dialect (common in the lower reaches of the Tagliamento River).

Earlier, before the beginning of the 19th century, Friulian type dialect was common in Trieste — the so-called , and in the town of Muggia adjacent to Trieste and its environs, until the second half of the 19th century, it was spoken in the . The place of the extinct Friulian dialects was taken by the Venetian language of the , one of the dialects of which — formed in Trieste ^[4] .

When the Friulian language range is divided into two dialect groups, in which the western range is opposed to the central-eastern range , the Carnian dialects are also included in the central-eastern group ^[4] .

The central-eastern Friulian range occupies a part of the Friuli territory south of the Carnic and Julian Alps and east of the middle and lower reaches of the Tagliamento river. According to the modern administrative-territorial division of Italy , the central-eastern Friulian range is located in the central and southern parts of the province of Udine , as well as in most of the territory of the province of Gorizia, Friuli-Venezia-Julia region ^[1] .

In the north, the region of the Carnian Friulian dialects is adjacent to the region of the central-eastern dialects, in the north-east and east - the range of the Slovene language , in the south-east - the area of ​​the Venetian language . In the west, the Central-Eastern Friulian range is bordered by the region of the West African dialects ^{[1] [2]} . In the southern part of central eastern Friuli, on the coast of the Gulf of Venice, along with Friulian dialects, the spoken words of the Venetian language are widespread: dialects of the cities of Monfalcone and Marano , speaking (from the lower reaches of the Isonzo and Timavo rivers to the Highlands of Carceau ) and speaking ( on the island of Grado and in the city of Grado ) ^{[8] [9]} . In large settlements of the central-eastern Friuli, the Venetian dialect is preserved in the so-called : in Udine , Gorizia , Cividali , Cervignano . Gradually, this dialect is supplanted by Italian ^[10] .

Historically, the area of ​​the Central-Eastern Friulian dialects is the center of the formation of Friulian writing. Until the 16th century, the basis of Friul writing was the dialectal features of the city of Cividali. Since the 16th century, in connection with the transfer of the capital of the Friuli region to the city of Udine, Friulian writing began to focus on Udine. By the 18th century, the educated part of the Friuli began to use the Venetian dialect of the Venetian language in writing. The written tradition on Udine, which by that time was far from the spoken language, began to fade away. Gorizia became another center of Friulian writing. From the beginning of the 18th century, literary almanacs (stroliki) began to be published in the Udi and Goritsian written versions of the Friuli language. In the XIX century, the written norm of Udine finally formed, it received the name Koine or Central Koine. The works of such Friulian poets as and were published on this norm. In the twentieth century, the creation of literary works continues in the central koine, periodicals are published, and radio and television broadcasts are broadcast on a limited basis. Koine is used in school education. In 1952, compiled the "Furiul Grammar Basics" at its base. At present, there is a gradual erasure of the differences between the central and the Goritsian koine ^[6] .

The main dialect features characteristic of the Central-Eastern Friulian dialects include ^[11] :

• the presence of a phonological opposition to long and short vowels, with the exception of the Goritsian dialect — there are no long vowels in the West African dialects;
• diphthongs vowels ę , ǫ of popular Latin were subsequently monophthongized in a closed syllable: nu: f “nine”, di: s “ten” - in West African dialects: dejs “ten”, nowf “nine”, in ertansky dialect - dis “ten” ; in the open syllable, these vowels are not monophthongated: spiɛli "mirror", rwuɛde "wheel" - in West African dialects: rwóda "wheel";
• change Latin CA, GA> k'a , g'a ;
• change of Latin CE, CI> t͡ʃe , t͡ʃi ; CE, GI> d͡ʒe , d͡ʒi ;
• transition -ts > ʃ : pe: ʃ “pitch”, wo: ʃ “voice”;
• transition -A> -e - in the Carnian dialects of the Forni-Avoltri and Rigolato communes , the transition -A> -ɔ is marked
• the presence of the reference vowel -i : má: ri “mother”, nɛ: ri “black” - in the West-African dialects the vowel -e is used as the reference;
• the presence of a definite article in the forms il / el , la / le , i , lis ;
• the proliferation of feminine nouns in the plural ending of -is ;
• the distribution of the verb la: “to go” - in West-Fériol dialects, the verb with this meaning has the form zi , etc.

Special neoplasms are distinguished by the dialects of Udine and Cividale, as well as the central-southern range. In these dialects, changes have occurred k ' > t͡ʃ ; g ' > d͡ʒ ; t͡ʃ > s , t͡s ; d͡ʒ > z , d͡z : t͡ʃaze "house"; d͡ʒalíne "chicken"; si: l t͡si: l "sky"; zi: r , d͡zi: r "circle". Such changes are characteristic of the West African districts.

A number of specific dialectal features, as well as numerous borrowings of vocabulary from the German and Slovenian languages ​​are presented in the Goritsian dialect .

Sources