Synthesized chemical elements

Synthesized (artificial) chemical elements - elements that were first identified as a product of artificial synthesis. Some of them (heavy transuranic elements , all transactinoids ), apparently, are absent in nature; other elements were subsequently found in trace amounts in the earth's crust ( technetium , promethium , astatine , neptunium , plutonium ), in the photosphere of stars (technetium and, possibly, promethium), in the shells of supernovae ( California and, probably, the products of its decay — Berkeley , curium , americium and lighter).

The last of the elements found in nature before it was synthesized artificially, was France ( 1939 ). The first synthesized chemical element was technetium in 1937 . As of 2012, elements are synthesized by nuclear fusion or disintegration to oganeson with atomic number 118, and attempts have been made to synthesize the following super-heavy transuranic elements. The synthesis of new transactinoids and superactinoids continues.

The most famous laboratories, synthesizing several new elements and several dozen or hundreds of new isotopes , are the National Laboratory. Lawrence Berkeley and Livermore National Laboratory ( USA ), Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna ( USSR / Russia ), Helmholtz European Center for the Study of Heavy Ions ( Germany ), Cavendish Laboratory of the University of Cambridge ( UK ), Institute for Physical and Chemical Research ( Japan ) and others ^{[1] [2]} . In recent decades, international teams have been working on the synthesis of elements in the American, German and Russian centers.