Artificial Earth satellite ( AES ) - a spacecraft rotating around the Earth in a geocentric orbit .
To move in orbit around the Earth, the device must have an initial velocity equal to or greater than the first cosmic velocity . AES flights are carried out at altitudes of up to several hundred thousand kilometers. The lower limit of the satellite’s flight altitude necessitates the avoidance of the process of rapid braking in the atmosphere . The orbital period of a satellite, depending on the average flight altitude, can range from one and a half hours to several years. Of particular importance are the satellites in the geostationary orbit , the period of revolution of which is strictly equal to the day, and therefore for the ground observer they "hang" motionless in the sky, which allows you to get rid of the rotary devices in the antennas .
The concept of satellite, as a rule, means unmanned spacecraft (SC), but near-Earth manned and automatic cargo spacecraft , as well as orbital stations, in fact, are also satellites. Automatic interplanetary stations (AMS) and interplanetary spacecraft can launch into deep space both bypassing the satellite stage (i.e., right ascension ), and after a preliminary launch to the so-called satellite reference orbit .
At the beginning of the space era, satellites were launched only by means of launch vehicles , and by the end of the 20th century, launching satellites from other satellites - orbital stations and space ships (primarily from the space transport spacecraft - the Space Shuttle spacecraft ) also became widespread. As means of launching satellites, they are theoretically possible, but MTKK- spacecraft , space guns , space elevators have not yet been implemented. Just a short time after the start of the space age, it became usual to launch more than one satellite on one launch vehicle, and by the end of 2013 the number of satellites simultaneously launched in some launch vehicles exceeded three dozen. During some launches, the last stages of launch vehicles also enter orbit and actually become satellites for some time.
Unmanned satellites have a mass of several kilograms to two tens of tons and a size of several centimeters to (in particular, using solar panels and retractable antennas) several tens of meters. Spaceships and spaceplanes that are satellites reach several tens of tons and meters, while prefabricated orbital stations reach hundreds of tons and meters. In the 21st century, with the development of microminiaturization and nano-technologies, the creation of ultra-small satellites in cubesat formats (from one to several kg and from several to several tens of cm) became a mass phenomenon, and a new format of poketsat (literally pocket ) of several hundred or tens of grams and a few centimeters.
Satellites are primarily created as irrevocable, but some of them (primarily manned and some cargo spacecraft) are returned partially (with a descent vehicle ) or fully (spaceplanes and satellites returned on board).
Artificial Earth satellites are widely used for scientific research and applied tasks, as well as in education (the so-called “university” satellites [1] have become a mass phenomenon in the world) and amateur radio satellites are hobbies.
At the beginning of the space age, satellites were launched by states (national state organizations), but then satellites of private companies became widespread. With the advent of cubsats and poksatsats with the cost of withdrawing up to several thousand dollars, it became possible to launch satellites by private individuals.
Content
- 1 Types of satellites
- 2 History
- 2.1 The first satellites of the world [4]
- 2.2 Unconfirmed first satellites
- 2.3 Countries planning the first HIS
- 3 Collisions of satellites
- 4 See also
- 5 notes
- 6 References
Types of Satellites
The following types of satellites are distinguished:
- Astronomical satellites - satellites designed to study planets, galaxies and other space objects.
- Biosatellites are satellites designed to conduct scientific experiments on living organisms in space.
- Earth remote sensing satellites
- Meteorological satellites - satellites designed to transmit data for weather prediction, as well as for observing the Earth’s climate
- Small satellites - satellites of small weight (less than 1 or 0.5 tons) and size [2] [3] . They include mini-satellites (more than 100 kg), microsatellites (more than 10 kg) and nanosatellites (lighter than 10 kg), including cubesats and poksatsats .
- Military satellite (see space weapons ) - reconnaissance satellites , etc.
- Communication satellites
- Navigation satellites
- Experimental satellites
- research satellite
- Spaceships - Manned Spacecraft
- Space stations - long-term spacecraft
History
The satellites were launched by more than 70 different countries (as well as individual companies) using their own launch vehicles (LV), as well as provided as launch services by other countries and interstate and private organizations.
The first satellite in the world launched in the USSR on October 4, 1957 ( Sputnik-1 ).
The United States became the second country to launch the satellite on February 1, 1958 ( Explorer 1 ).
The third country that launched the first satellite on its LV was France on November 26, 1965 ( Asterix ).
The following countries - Great Britain , Canada , Italy - launched their first satellites in 1962, 1962, 1964. respectively, on American pH.
Australia and Germany acquired the first satellites in 1967 and 1969 . respectively, also using US pH.
Japan , China , and Israel launched their first satellites on their launch vehicles in 1970 , 1970, and 1988 .
A number of countries - Great Britain, India , Iran , as well as Europe (the intergovernmental organization ESRO , now ESA ) - launched their first satellites in foreign media before creating their own LVs. The first satellites of many countries were developed and purchased in other countries (USA, USSR, China, etc.).
The first satellites of the world [4]
| a country | year | Satellite | the number of satellites in orbit for 2010 [5] (effective on February 26, 2015) |
|---|---|---|---|
| the USSR | 1957 | Sputnik-1 | 1454 (146 active (for the CIS)) |
| USA | 1958 | Explorer 1 | 1113 (446 active) |
| United Kingdom | 1962 | Ariel 1 | 29 (17 active) |
| Canada | 1962 | Alouette 1 | 34 (26 active) |
| Italy | 1964 | San marco 1 | 22 (13 active) |
| France | 1965 | Asterix | 57 (21 active) |
| Australia | 1967 | WRESAT | 12 (6 active) |
| Europe ( ESRO , now ESA ) | 1968 | ESRO II | 42 (27 active) |
| Germany | 1969 | Azur | 49 (24 valid) |
| Japan | 1970 | Osumi | 134 (70 active) |
| China | 1970 | Dongfang Hong-1 | 140 (129 active) |
| Poland | 1973 | Intercosmos-Copernicus-500 | ? (2 active) |
| Netherlands | 1974 | Ans | 5 (2 active) |
| Spain | 1974 | Intasat | 9 (13 active) |
| India | 1975 | Ariabhata | 51 (34 active) |
| Indonesia | 1976 | Palapa a1 | 10 (6 active) |
| Czechoslovakia | 1978 | Magion-1 | 3 (0 valid) |
| Bulgaria | 1981 | Intercosmos-Bulgaria-1300 | 1 (1 valid) |
| Brazil | 1985 | Brasilsat a1 | 11 (10 active) |
| Mexico | 1985 | Morelos 1 | 7 (2 active) |
| Sweden | 1986 | Viking | 11 (1 valid) |
| Israel | 1988 | Ofek-1 | 7 (13 active) |
| Luxembourg | 1988 | Astra 1A | 15 (2 active) |
| Argentina | 1990 | Lusat | 10 (9 active) |
| Hong Kong | 1990 | AsiaSat -1 | |
| Pakistan | 1990 | Badr-1 | 5 (2 active) |
| South Korea | 1992 | Kitsat a | 10 (8 active) |
| Portugal | 1993 | PoSAT-1 | 1 (0 valid) |
| Thailand | 1993 | Thaicom 1 | 6 (4 active) |
| Turkey | 1994 | Turksat 1B | 15 (6 active) |
| Czech | 1995 | Magion 4 | 3 (0 valid) |
| Ukraine | 1995 | Sich-1 | 6 (1 valid) |
| Chile | 1995 | FASat-Alfa | 1 (1 valid) |
| Malaysia | 1996 | MEASAT | 4 (5 active) |
| Norway | 1997 | Thor 2 | 3 (5 active) |
| Philippines | 1997 | Mabuhay 1 | 2 |
| Egypt | 1998 | Nilesat 101 | 3 |
| Singapore | 1998 | ST-1 | 1 |
| Taiwan | 1999 | ROCSAT-1 | 9 |
| Denmark | 1999 | Ørsted | 4 (5 active) |
| South Africa | 1999 | SUNSAT | 2 |
| Saudi Arabia | 2000 | Saudisat 1A | 12 (11 active) |
| UAE | 2000 | Thuraya 1 | 3 (6 active) |
| Morocco | 2001 | Maroc-tubsat | 1 |
| Tonga [6] | 2002 | Esiafi 1 (formerly Comstar D4) | 1 |
| Algeria | 2002 | Alsat 1 | 1 |
| Greece | 2003 | Hellas sat 2 | 2 |
| Cyprus | 2003 | Hellas sat 2 | 2 |
| Nigeria | 2003 | Nigeriasat 1 | 2 |
| Iran | 2005 | Sina 1 | 4 (2 active) |
| Kazakhstan | 2006 | KazSat-1 | 3 |
| Colombia | 2007 | Libertad 1 | 1 |
| Mauritius | 2007 | Rascom-QAF 1 | 2 |
| Vietnam | 2008 | Vinasat-1 | 1 |
| Venezuela | 2008 | Venesat-1 | 1 |
| Switzerland | 2009 | SwissCube-1 [7] | 1 |
| Isle Of Man | 2011 | ViaSat-1 | |
| Hungary | 2012 | MaSat-1 | 0 |
| Romania | 2012 | Goliat | 0 |
| Sri Lanka | 2012 | SupremeSAT | 0 |
| Belarus | 2012 | BKA | 2 on 01/16/2016 (2 valid on 01/16/2016) |
| DPRK | 2012 | Gwangmyonson-3 | 1 (1 valid on 02/07/2016) |
| Azerbaijan | 2013 | Azerspace-1 | 1 |
| Austria | 2013 | TUGSAT-1 , UniBRITE | 0 |
| Bermuda [8] | 2013 | Bermudasat 1 (formerly EchoStar VI) | 1 |
| Ecuador | 2013 | NEE-01 Pegaso | 0 |
| Estonia | 2013 | ESTCube-1 | 0 |
| Jersey | 2013 | O3b-1, -2, -3, -4 | 0 |
| Qatar | 2013 | Es'hailSat-1 | 0 |
| Peru | 2013 | PUCPSAT-1 | 0 |
| Bolivia | 2013 | TKSat-1 | 0 |
| Lithuania | 2014 | Lituanica SAT-1 , LitSat-1 | 0 |
| Belgium | 2014 | QB50P1 , QB50P2 | 0 |
| Uruguay | 2014 | ANTELSAT | 0 |
| Iraq | 2014 | Tigrisat | 0 (1 valid) |
| Turkmenistan | 2015 | TurkmenAlem 52.0E | 1 |
| Laos | 2015 | Laosat-1 | 1 |
| Finland | 2017 | Aalto-2 | 1 |
| Bangladesh | 2017 | BRAC Onnesha | 1 |
| Ghana | 2017 | GhanaSat-1 | 1 |
| Mongolia | 2017 | Mazaalai | 1 |
| Latvia | 2017 | Venta-1 | 1 |
| Slovakia | 2017 | skCUBE | 1 |
| Angola | 2017 | Angosat-1 | 1 |
| New Zealand | 2018 | Humanity star | 1 |
| Costa Rica | 2018 | Proyecto Irazú | 1 |
| Kenya | 2018 | 1KUNS-PF | 1 |
| Butane | 2018 | Bhutan-1 | 1 |
Unconfirmed first satellites
- Iraq - the claimed launch in 1989 into the orbit of the head of the Tammuz rocket has not been confirmed.
- DPRK - in 1998 and 2009, the DPRK tried to put the Kwanmyonson-1 and Kwanmyonson-2 satellites into near-earth orbit, the fact that the United States and Russia had launched space control means was not confirmed, but the North Korean side insists on the successful launch of the satellite into orbit.
Countries planning first HIS
- Armenia
- Afghanistan
- Jordan
- Ireland
- Cayman islands
- Cambodia
- Congo, Democratic Republic
- Libya
- Moldova
- Myanmar
- Nepal
- Nicaragua
- Paraguay
- Serbia
- Syria
- Slovenia
- Tunisia
- Uzbekistan
- Croatia
- Ethiopia
Collisions of satellites
On February 10, 2009, a satellite collision occurred for the first time in history. Faced the Russian military satellite (put into orbit in 1994 , but decommissioned two years later) and the working American satellite operator Iridium satellite telephone service. Cosmos-2251 weighed almost 1 ton, while Iridium 33 weighed 560 kg [9] [10] .
Satellites collided over the northern part of Siberia . The collision formed two clouds of small fragments and fragments (the total number of fragments was about 600) [11] .
See also
- Cubsat , Poketsat
- A series of spacecraft "Cosmos"
- Satellite connection
- Satellite navigation systems
- Cosmos
- List of geostationary satellites
- Timeline of the first space launches by country
- Kessler Syndrome
Notes
- ↑ A satellite launched by teachers, graduate students and students of Moscow State University has been launched in Russia; a satellite of the MSTU named after Bauman )
- ↑ Workshop on the Use of Microsatellite Technologies 6. United Nations (2008). Date of treatment March 6, 2008. Archived February 3, 2012.
- ↑ http://www.keldysh.ru/events/ovch.pdf
- ↑ First time in History (inaccessible link) . The Satellite Encyclopedia . Date of treatment March 6, 2008. Archived October 12, 2005.
- ↑ SATCAT Boxscore . celestrak.com. Date of treatment December 13, 2012. Archived August 22, 2011.
- ↑ Esiafi 1 (formerly privately owned American Comstar D4) was transferred to Tonga in orbit since launch in 1981
- ↑ India launches Switzerland's first satellite
- ↑ Bermudasat 1 (formerly private American EchoStar VI) was transferred to Bermuda, in orbit since launch in 2000
- ↑ Russian and US satellites collide . BBC (February 12, 2009). Archived on August 22, 2011.
- ↑ Iannotta, Becky . US Satellite Destroyed in Space Collision , Space.com (February 22, 2009).
- ↑ Faced Russian and American satellite
Links
- “Sputnik as a warning” // Los Angeles Times , September 30, 2007 - “Moscow was the first to go into space in order to show military force in the face of US provocation. Fifty years have passed - and the same thing begins again ”- Matthew Brzezinski.
- Sputnik: from a bad idea to a national symbol // " Around the World "
Google Maps KMZ satellite trajectories ( KMZ tag file for Google Earth )
- d / f "Satellite instead of a bomb" ( Roscosmos Television Studio )
- A major NASA satellite fell in the middle of nowhere // compulenta.ru, September 26, 2011
- Daily Earth animation based on photos from the Electro L satellite
- Satellite in the Open Directory Project Link Directory (dmoz)
- Satellite Ground Tracks Real time satellite tracks (Full catalog of satellite orbit). (English) (German) (Spanish) (French) (Italian) (port.) (Chinese)
- Real Time Satellite Tracking provides real-time tracks for about 17000 satellites, as well as 5-day predictions of visibility
- Heavens Above provides 10-day predictions of satellite visibility
- Satflare tracks in real time all the satellites orbiting the Earth
- Eyes in the Sky Free video by the Vega Science Trust and the BBC / OU Satellites and their implications over the last 50 years.