Kulberg, Pavel Pavlovich

Born December 30, 1843 in Mitau, Courland Province . He graduated from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the University of Dorpat . In 1864 he entered the military service as a volunteer in the 4th Engineer Battalion. In 1865 he passed the officer exam at the Nikolaev Engineering School and was promoted to ensign ^{[1] [2]} .

In 1868 he entered the geodesic department of the Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff , after completing a two-year course in 1870 he was promoted to headquarters captain and seconded to the Pulkovo Observatory for two-year practice. On November 30, 1872, he was transferred by the surveyor to the Corps of Military Topographers and appointed to be the chief military officer for the State Survey in the Military Topographic Division of the General Staff. In 1873, he was appointed to perform astronomical work in Siberia, in 1876 - to determine the difference in longitudes of Moscow and Kazan ^{[1] [2]} .

On April 6, 1877, he was appointed headquarters officer for assignments and astronomical work at the Military Topographic Department of the Headquarters of the Caucasian Military District . He took part in the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878 as part of the topographic detachment of the army. He participated in the battle on the Aladzhin Heights in September 1877, for which he was awarded the Order of St. Stanislav of the 2nd degree with swords. In 1877 and 1880 he was a member of the Russian-Turkish demarcation commission as an assistant delegate. From September 1885 to October 1886 - the Russian imperial commissar of the Afghan demarcation commission ^{[1] [2]} .

December 4, 1892 was appointed head of the Military Topographic Division of the headquarters of the Caucasian Military District. August 30, 1894 promoted to major general, December 6, 1902 - to lieutenant general ^[3] .

He died on February 9, 1909 in Tiflis. He was buried in the Kukiy Orthodox cemetery of Tiflis ^[1] .

During the service he conducted extensive astronomical and geodetic works.

In 1872, he participated with A. R. Bonsdorff and M. A. Savitsky under the guidance of I. E. Cortazzi in determining the difference in longitudes of the Pulkovo and Moscow Observatories ^[4] .

From 1873 to 1876, together with K.V. Sharngorst, he participated in the telegraph determination of differences in longitude over 103 ° between the Moscow Observatory and Kazan , Yekaterinburg , Omsk , Tomsk , Kansk , Irkutsk , Chita , Sretensky , Albazin , Blagoveshchensk , Khabarovka , Nikolaev and Vladivostok . At the same time, he conducted astronomical observations on the covering of stars with the moon and lunar climaxes. The results of this expedition, published in Volume 37 of the Notes of the Military Topographical Division of the General Staff, aroused great interest among specialists, and Kulberg himself was awarded the Count F. P. Litke Medal of the Russian Geographical Society in 1876 ^{[1] [5]} .

In 1878, he made astronomical observations in the Kars and Erzurum regions, the Bayazet sandzhak and the Alashkert valley (the position of four objects was determined). Together with I. I. Stebnitsky , he used the telegraph to determine the difference between longitudes Tiflis - Kars , Kars - Erzurum , Tiflis - Musun ^{[1] [6]} .

From 1879 to 1883, he made extensive observations in the Caucasus on the swings of a swinging pendulum and investigated the influence of the length of a tripod on the derivation of the length of a second pendulum. Using the pendulum device, Repsold performed gravity measurements in Dushet , Gudaur , Vladikavkaz , Batum , Elisavetpol , Shemakha , Baku (1884), Tiflis (1885). He studied the deviation of sheer lines and fluctuations of the earth's crust ^[7] .

In 1882-1883, together with P. I. Gladyshev, he determined with the help of a telegraph the difference in longitudes between Rostov-on-Don - Tiflis, Tiflis - Shemakha and Tiflis - Baku. In 1884, together with I. E. Cortazzi, he determined the difference in longitudes between Nikolaev and Batum, and in 1885 with D. D. Gedeonov , between Rostov-on-Don and Tiflis ^[8] .

In 1888-1893 he participated in the triangulation of Crimea, where he conducted a study of the deviation of the vertical line under the influence of the Crimean Mountains and the Black Sea . Together with I.E. Cortazzi, he determined the difference in longitudes between Nikolaev - Theodosius , Balaclava - Yalta , Balaclava - Theodosius, Yalta - Alushta , Yalta - Kerch , Yalta - Simferopol , Yalta - Kekeneiz . In 1892, using Repsold's pendulum device, he performed the determination of gravity in Yalta and Simferopol ^{[1] [9]} .

Under his leadership, forty and twenty-horned ones were published and ten-moth and ethnographic maps of the Caucasus were prepared. He achieved a qualitative improvement in the single-shot shooting of the Caucasus. He was one of the initiators of the organization of seismic observations in the Caucasus ^{[1] [10]} .

He published the results of his work in Izvestia Kavkazskogo Departmenta Russian Geographical Society. He was a full member of the Siberian (since 1873) and Caucasian (since 1878) departments of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society . Since 1892 - full member of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society, since 1906 - assistant to the chairman of the Caucasian department. Also since 1893 - a full member of the Russian Astronomical Society , since 1894 - the Society of lovers of science, anthropology and geography ^{[1] [10]} .

Translated into Russian the work of foreign authors on geography ^[1] .

• Entered service December 30, 1864 ^[3]
• Warrant Officer (August 27, 1865)
• Second Lieutenant (July 29, 1866)
• Lieutenant (July 8, 1869)
• Headquarters Captain (October 22, 1870)
• Captain General Staff (March 22, 1874)
• General Staff Lieutenant Colonel (April 17, 1877)
• Colonel General Staff (April 7, 1880)
• General Staff Major General (August 30, 1894)
• General Staff Lieutenant General (December 6, 1902)

Russian ^[3] :

• Order of St. Stanislav 3rd degree (1875)
• Order of St. Vladimir 4th degree (1876)
• Order of St. Stanislav 2nd degree with swords (1878)
• Order of St. Anne of the 2nd degree (1880)
• Order of St. Vladimir 3rd degree (1881)
• Order of St. Stanislav 1st degree (1896)
• Order of St. Anne 1st degree (1900)
• Order of St. Vladimir, 2nd degree (1906)
• Badge of Immaculate Service XL years (1906) ^[1]
• Silver medal "For the salvation of the lost" (1885) ^[1]

Foreign ^[11] :

• 3rd Class Ottoman Order (Turkey, 1883)
• Order of Leo and the Sun of the 1st degree (Persia, 1903)

Scientific:

• Gold medal named after Count F. P. Litke (Russian Geographical Society, 1876) ^[12]

• Determination of the difference in longitude between Pulkovo and Moscow in 1872, processed cap. Bornsdorf and pc. Kulberg in 1872 // Notes of the Military Topographic Department of the General Staff. - 1877. - T. XXXV .
• Kulberg P. P. Astronomical work in the Kars region and Asian Turkey in 1878 // Bulletin of the Caucasus Department of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society. - 1879. - T. VI .
• Kulberg P.P. Geographical position of Batum // Bulletin of the Caucasus Department of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society. - 1879. - T. VI .
• Kulberg P.P. A brief report on the swings of a pendulum in the Caucasus // News of the Caucasus Department of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society. - 1879. - T. VI .
• Kulberg P. P. Investigation of the influence of swings of the tripod of pendulums of the Russian academic device on the derivation of the length of a second pendulum (with drawings) // Bulletin of the Caucasus Department of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society. - 1882. - T. VII .
• Kulberg P. P. Astronomical definitions of points in the regions of Asian Turkey bordering the Caucasus by Major General Stebnitsky and Colonel Kulberg in 1878 // Notes of the Military Topographic Department of the General Staff. - 1883. - T. XXXVIII .
• Kulberg P. P. The work of the Afghan demarcation commission and our new border with Afghanistan: [Abstract] / [Op.] P. P. Kulberg. - Tiflis: type. Office of the chief of citizens. part in the Caucasus, 1887.
• Kulberg P.P. Brief report on observations of the pendulum in the Caucasus, according to the requirements of the circular of the Central Bureau of the International Geodetic Union of November 25, 1886 // Notes of the Military Topographic Department of the General Staff. - 1888. - T. XLII .
• Kulberg P.P. Astronomical definitions in Crimea in 1888 and 1889 // Notes of the Military Topographic Department of the General Staff. - 1892. - T. XLVIII .
• Kulberg P.P. Measurement of Theodosia basis of Crimean triangulation // Notes of the Military Topographic Department of the General Staff. - 1892. - T. XLVIII .
• Kulberg P.P. Astronomical work in Crimea in 1891, 1892 and 1893 // Notes of the Military Topographic Department of the General Staff. - 1896. - T. LIII .
• Kulberg P.P. Astronomical definitions of the main longitudes by telegraph made in the Caucasus from 1882 to 1885 // Notes of the Military Topographic Department of the General Staff. - 1900. - T. LVII .

• List of the General Staff. Corrected on May 30, 1908. - SPb. : Military printing house (in the building of the General Staff Building), 1908. - P. 53.
• List to the generals by seniority. Done on July 1, 1906. - SPb. : Military printing house (in the building of the General Staff Building), 1906. - P. 315.
• Pavel Pavlovich Kulberg. Obituary // News of the Caucasus Department of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society. - T. XX (1909-1910) , vol. 3 . - S. 217—222 .
• Sokolovskaya Z. K. Cartographic and geodetic works in Russia in the 19th - early 20th centuries - M .: Publishing House "Science", 1967. - 270 p.
• Sergeev S.V., Dolgov V.I. Military topographers of the Russian army. - M .: ZAO "CD-Press", 2001. - S. 176-177. - 592 p. - ISBN 5-8443-0006-8 .

• Kulberg Wilhelm Pavlovich : [ arch. 03/07/2016 ] // Regiment.ru. - Date of appeal: 03/08/2016.