Herat

Herat
Herat
	Dari هرات , Pashto هرات
	Herat
A country	Afghanistan
History and geography
Square	;
Center height	925 m
Population
Population	436,300 people ( 2013 )
Digital identifiers
Telephone code	40

Herat ^[1] ( Dari هرات , Pashto هرات - Herat ^[2] ) is a city in northwestern Afghanistan in the valley of the Harirud River. The center of the province of Herat . In antiquity - an important center of caravan trade on the Silk Road . In the empire of Alexander of Macedon, he was called Alexandria Arian ( ancient Greek Αλεξάνδρεια εν Αρίοις, Αλεξάνδρια εν Αρείοις ) ^[3] . Jami , Mirhond , Khafizi Abru , Alisher Navoi , Kemaleddin Behzad lived and worked in it. The city has preserved monuments of history and architecture of world importance. Alisher Navoi attributes the founding of the city to Iskander ^[4] .

Content

Geography

Height above sea level : 925 m.

Areas

Kalai Shaier (Qalae Shaier)

Climate

Climate of Herat
Indicator	Jan.	Feb	March	Apr	May	June	July	Aug	Sen	Oct.	Nov.	Dec	Year
Absolute Maximum, ° C	24	27	thirty	36	40	42	44	40	39	35	27	25	44
Average maximum, ° C	eleven	13	18	23	28	34	36	35	31	25	17	eleven	23
Average temperature, ° C	four	6	ten	15	20	26	28	26	22	15	eight	four	15
Average minimum, ° C	−2	0	3	eight	13	18	21	18	13	6	0	−2	eight
Absolute minimum, ° C	−19	−11	−13	−2	2	ten	15	ten	2	−4	−8	−22	−22
Precipitation rate, mm	thirty	40	40	50	ten	0	0	0	0	0	0	thirty	220
Source: Weatherbase

Demographics

Herat is the third largest city in Afghanistan . The population is 436,300 people (census 2012–2013) ^[5] ; the population of the city is multi-ethnic; there are Pashtuns , Tajiks ^[6] , Uzbeks , ^[7] Hazaras and other national minorities.

History

In place of Herat from 500-x years BC. e. there was the ancient Persian city of Artakona or Areia . The city was one of the centers of Nestorianism .
In 330 BC. e. Alexander of Macedon storming takes the city citadel. The city becomes known as Alexandria-Ariana . After the death of Alexander the Great, the city was successively a part of the ancient and medieval states of Central Asia. Herat was a significant city under the Sassanids and in the era of the Arab Caliphate .
Under Samanids Herat is one of the main cities of Khorasan . After the annexation of the territory of Afghanistan to Persia, the Department of the Nestorian Bishop was established in Herat. However, the Nestorian liturgy was performed exclusively in Syriac . In the 7th century , Jacobites also engage in missionary activities in Herat ^[8] .
In 1221 he was taken by the Mongol troops, and then destroyed almost to the ground.
In 1236 the city was again restored and inhabited.
In the XIII - XIV centuries, the history of Herat is connected with the Kurtov dynasty . In connection with the destruction of the Mongols of Merv and Balkh, trade routes from Persia to India and China went through Herat.
In the 15th century, under the Timurid Herat reached its greatest prosperity. At this time, Herat became the largest trading, craft and cultural center of the region, had connections with India, China, Russia and other countries. During this period, the city and its suburbs are built up with magnificent mosques, palaces, some of which have been preserved to this day.
In the 16th century, the city was subordinated to the Safavids , against whom the city’s population repeatedly revolted, one of which ended with the formation of the Herat principality in 1716 .
In 1732, Herat was captured by Nadir Shah .
In 1747 he became part of the Durrani state . The courtyard of the governor of Herat consisted of younger brothers and sons of Durrani and Kyzylbash nobles ^[9] .
And after the collapse of the Durrani state at the beginning of the XIX century, Herat again became independent.
Iran , supported by Russia, and Afghanistan, supported by Great Britain, sought to seize Herat. In 1837, the troops of the Iranian Shah Mohammed besieged Herat . This caused a sharp discontent of England, she demanded the withdrawal of Iranian troops from the territory of the Herat principality and introduced its fleet into the Persian Gulf . In March 1841, Iranian troops were withdrawn. In 1851, the ruler of Herat Yar Mohammed Khan died, and the rulers of neighboring Kandahar , the emir of Afghanistan, the Shah of Iran and England fought for power in Herat. In connection with the inclusion of Kandahar into Afghanistan in 1855, Iranian troops again moved to Herat under the pretext of protecting it from being seized by Afghanistan, this served as a pretext for England to attack Iran. The city was badly damaged by the English artillery.
In 1863, Herat was finally annexed to Afghanistan.
March 15-20, 1979, a mutiny was raised in the infantry division , which was prepared by the commander of the artillery regiment of the division, captain Turan Ismail (during the insurrection the first request of the Afghan leadership for direct Soviet military intervention followed.) For the first time there were calls for the destruction of all Soviet. Two Soviet citizens were among the dead: Major Nikolai Bizyukov, a military adviser (the first Soviet soldier from those killed in Afghanistan) was torn to pieces by the crowd, at the beginning of the pogrom of the homes of Soviet citizens, Yury Borisovich was cruelly killed. The insurgency was crushed by government forces.

Attractions

Airport
Herat Fortress
City Mosque District
Tomb of Gauharshad Run
Juma Masjid
Juma Masjid (view from a different angle)

Herat Local History Museum

In the corridors of the museum
Diorama "Defense of Herat from Soviet invaders"
Diorama "Defense of Herat" (fragment)
"Peaceful farmer goes on the path of jihad against the infidels"
Installation “The Death of the Mujahid and His Wife”

The citadel of Herat . The oldest buildings date back to Alexander the Great . The battlements of the citadel were destroyed by the Mongols and rebuilt in the 15th century ; Interspersed blue brick, characteristic of that time. Completed in 2011, the reconstruction of the building became a symbol of peaceful life in Afghanistan ^[10] .
Gaukhar-Shad Mausoleum (first half of the 15th century).
Cathedral Mosque Juma Masjid (XVI century).
The minarets that were part of the grand ensemble Musalla , destroyed in 1885 by the British.
Local history museum containing a number of works of art dedicated to the struggle of the Afghan people against the Soviet troops.

Consular offices

Turkmenistan : Consulate of Turkmenistan in Herat ^[11]

Notes

↑ Herat // Dictionary of geographical names of foreign countries / resp. ed. A.M. Komkov . - 3rd ed., Pererab. and add. - M .: Nedra , 1986. - p. 89.
↑ Instruction on the Russian transfer of geographical names of Afghanistan. - M., 1984. - p. 47.
↑ Empire and expeditions of Alexander the Great (Neopr.) . World Digital Library (1833). The date of circulation is July 9, 2015. Archived August 13, 2013.
↑ Iskandar Wall , XXXV
↑ Settled Population of Herat province by Civil Division, Urban, Rural and Sex-2012-13 (Neopr.) . Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, Central Statistics Organization. The appeal date is July 9, 2015.
↑ Herat - Afghanistan | Tourist information about the city (Neopr.) . www.tgt.ru. The appeal date is June 13, 2016.
↑ HERAT by Frank Harold,
Original Text (eng.)
Herat lost his pivotal position in the 1880's with the construction of the Trans-Caspian Railway, which passes far to the north. Central Asia mingle ---- Tadjik farmers, Turkoman nomads, Uzbeks and Hazara (in the 19th century there were also hindu bankers and pawnbrokers, Armenian craftsmen and a sizeable Jewish community). The population, estimated at 40 - 50,000 in the 19th century, is augmented by augmented by local refugees.
↑ CHRISTIANITY IN CENTRAL ASIA
↑ Yu. V. Gankovsky, “The Empire of Durrani. Essays on the administrative and military system "
↑ Alexander the Great's stronghold was restored in Afghanistan // “Smuggling”, October 19, 2011
↑ Afghanistan urged Turkmenistan to speed up the solution of the problem with the supply of electricity

Links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Herat (city)

[1] Herat // Dictionary of geographical names of foreign countries / resp. ed. A.M. Komkov . - 3rd ed., Pererab. and add. - M .: Nedra , 1986. - p. 89.

[2] Instruction on the Russian transfer of geographical names of Afghanistan. - M., 1984. - p. 47.

[WDL-3] Empire and expeditions of Alexander the Great (Neopr.) . World Digital Library (1833). The date of circulation is July 9, 2015. Archived August 13, 2013.

[4] Iskandar Wall , XXXV

[cso-5] Settled Population of Herat province by Civil Division, Urban, Rural and Sex-2012-13 (Neopr.) . Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, Central Statistics Organization. The appeal date is July 9, 2015.

[6] Herat - Afghanistan | Tourist information about the city (Neopr.) . www.tgt.ru. The appeal date is June 13, 2016.

[7] HERAT by Frank Harold,
Original Text (eng.)
Herat lost his pivotal position in the 1880's with the construction of the Trans-Caspian Railway, which passes far to the north. Central Asia mingle ---- Tadjik farmers, Turkoman nomads, Uzbeks and Hazara (in the 19th century there were also hindu bankers and pawnbrokers, Armenian craftsmen and a sizeable Jewish community). The population, estimated at 40 - 50,000 in the 19th century, is augmented by augmented by local refugees.

[8] CHRISTIANITY IN CENTRAL ASIA

[9] Yu. V. Gankovsky, “The Empire of Durrani. Essays on the administrative and military system "

[10] Alexander the Great's stronghold was restored in Afghanistan // “Smuggling”, October 19, 2011

[11] Afghanistan urged Turkmenistan to speed up the solution of the problem with the supply of electricity