Ceramides are a subclass of lipid molecules, the simplest type of sphingolipids , consisting of sphingosine and fatty acid . Ceramides are an important lipid component of the cell membrane . Ceramide is involved as a precursor molecule in the synthesis of sphingomyelin . Ceramides play a role in the cell not only as an element of the membrane, but also as a signal molecule. Participate in cellular processes such as cell differentiation , cell proliferation and apoptosis .
Content
- 1 Ways of cell formation
- 2 In human skin
- 3 Application
- 4 See also
- 5 notes
- 6 References
Pathways to cell education
There are two main pathways for ceramide formation: the sphingomyelinase pathway and de novo synthesis .
- Hydrolysis of sphingomyelin under the action of the enzyme sphingomyelinase leads to the formation of phosphocholine and ceramide. Ceramide formed in this way can serve as a signaling molecule of cellular processes, such as apoptosis .
- Synthesis under the action of ceramide synthase from simpler components in the endoplasmic reticulum , from where ceramide enters the Golgi apparatus , where sphingomyelin or glycosphingolipids are synthesized from it.
In human skin
The composition of the lipids of the stratum corneum differs significantly from the composition of the cell membranes of living cells. Ceramides are one of the main classes of stratum corneum lipids; besides them, cholesterol and free fatty acids are presented. Nine subclasses of ceramides are described in the stratum corneum of human skin; they differ from each other with respect to sphingoid bases (sphingosine, phytosphingosine, 6-hydroxy-singingosine) and the length of the hydrocarbon chain. The sphingosine base consists of ceramide 1, 2 and 5, the phytosphingosine base consists of ceramide 3, 6 and 9, and the 6-hydroxyphosphine base consists of ceramide 4, 7 and 8. In the stratum corneum of patients with atopic dermatitis, the ceramide content is reduced, and in patients with lamellar ichthyosis , the amount of free fatty acids in the stratum corneum decreases, and the ceramide profile is disturbed. [one]
Application
It was shown that liposomes containing ceramides prevented the migration of CD44- dependent cancer cells and therefore could be used in the future for the prevention of metastasis and treatment of solid tumors [2] .
See also
- Sphingomyelinase
Notes
- β Myeong Jun Choi, Howard I. Maibach. Role of ceramides in barrier function of healthy and diseased skin // American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. - 2005. - T. 6 , no. 4 . - S. 215β223 . - ISSN 1175-0561 .
- β Haakenson, JK, Khokhlatchev, AV, Choi, YJ, Linton, SS, Zhang, P., Zaki, PM, ... & Kester, M. (2015). Ceramide induces anoikis and inhibits extravasation. JBC Papers in Press. Published on February 13, 2015 as Manuscript M114. 609677