Food additives - substances that are added for technological purposes to food products during production, packaging, transportation or storage to give them the desired properties, for example, a certain aroma ( flavorings ), color ( dyes ), shelf life ( preservatives ), taste, texture and etc. Some people tend to eat foods without additives, although in the strict sense of the word salt and pepper are also them [1] .
Usage Standards
The legislation of many countries requires the indication of additives used in the manufacture of the product. For classification, both full names are used (in the USA; an example is “ acetic acid ”) and serial numbers preceded by the letter “E” (in the European Union): for example, E260 is the number of acetic acid [1] . There are additives in the code of which there is no E - for example, additive number 154 - this is Brown FK dye, used only in the UK [1] .
International standards for food additives and impurities are defined by the Joint Committee of Experts of the International Agricultural Organization (JECFA) and the Codex Alimentarius, adopted by the FAO / WHO International Commission and binding on the countries that are members of the WTO .
Food Stabilizers
Food stabilizers are substances that are used in the confectionery, dairy, bakery and meat processing industries to give products the desired shape and texture, as well as to maintain the desired consistency over a long period of time.
For example: iso sodium ascorbate (E-316), sodium citrate (E-331), calcium citrate (E-333), potassium tartrate (E-336), sodium phosphate (E-339), potassium phosphate (E-340) Calcium Phosphate (E-341), etc.
Classification by numbers
For the classification of food additives in the EU countries, a numbering system has been developed (effective since 1953). Each supplement has a unique number starting with the letter “E”. The numbering system has been finalized and adopted for the international classification of Codex Alimentarius . The first digit of the code indicates the general purpose of the supplement:
- dye codes start at 1;
- on 2 - preservatives ;
- on 3:
- 300–322 - antioxidants ,
- 333-399 - antioxidants and stabilizers;
- on 4 - emulsifiers and stabilizers;
- on 5 - substances against caking and clumping;
- on 6 - amplifiers of taste and smell;
- 7 and 8 are not used (except for antibiotics 710-713);
- 9 begins with codes for enrobers , softeners and other improvers for baking and other substances [1] .
Some commonly used substances do not have a code, for example, vanillin and unmodified starch [1] .
| Index Group | Technological functions | Index | Substance name | English name | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| E100 - E199 Dyes | 100-109 | yellow | E102 | Tartrazine | |
| 110-119 | orange | ||||
| 120-129 | reds | E123 | Amaranth | ||
| 130-139 | blue and violet | ||||
| 140-149 | green | ||||
| 150-159 | brown and black | ||||
| 160-199 | other | E165 | Gardenia Blue | ||
| E171 | Titanium dioxide | ||||
| E172 | Iron oxide yellow | ||||
| E173 | Aluminum | ||||
| E175 | Gold | ||||
| E200 - E299 Preservatives | 200—209 | sorbates | |||
| 210-219 | benzoates | ||||
| 220—229 | sulfites | ||||
| 230—239 | phenols and formates ( methanoates ) | ||||
| 240—259 | nitrates | E240 | Formaldehyde | ||
| 260—269 | acetates ( ethanoates ) | ||||
| 270—279 | lactates | ||||
| 280-289 | propinoates ( propanoates ) | ||||
| 290-299 | other | ||||
| E300 - E399 Antioxidants | 300-305 | ascorbates (vitamin C) | |||
| 306-309 | tocopherol (vitamin E) | ||||
| 310-319 | gallates and erythorbates | ||||
| 320—329 | lactates | ||||
| 330—339 | citrates | ||||
| 340—349 | phosphates | ||||
| 350—359 | malates and adipates ( adipates ) | ||||
| 360—369 | succinates and fumarates | ||||
| 370-399 | other | ||||
| E400 - E499 Stabilizers, thickeners , emulsifiers | 400-409 | alginates | |||
| 410-419 | gums | ||||
| 420-429 | other natural substances | ||||
| 430-439 | polyoxyethylene compounds | ||||
| 440-449 | natural emulsifiers | Including pectin | |||
| 450–459 | phosphates | ||||
| 460-469 | cellulose compounds | ||||
| 470-489 | fatty acid compounds | ||||
| 490-499 | other | ||||
| E500 - E599 PH regulators and anti-caking substances | 500-509 | Inorganic acids and bases | |||
| 510-519 | chlorides and sulfates | E517 | Ammonium sulfate | ||
| 520-529 | sulfates and hydroxides | E526 | Calcium hydroxide | Calcium hydroxide | |
| 530-549 | alkali metal compounds | E530 | Magnesium oxide | ||
| 550—559 | silicates | E553b | Talc | ||
| 570-579 | stearates and gluconates | ||||
| 580-599 | other | ||||
| E600 - E699 Amplifiers of taste and aroma, flavorings | 620-629 | glutamates | E621 | Monosodium glutamate | |
| 630-639 | inosinates | ||||
| 640—649 | other | ||||
| E700 - E799 Antibiotics | 710-713 | ||||
| E800 - E899 Reserve | |||||
| E900 - E999 Other | 900-909 | waxes | |||
| 910-919 | enrobers | ||||
| 920-930 | flour improvers | ||||
| E920 | L- cysteine | ||||
| E921 | |||||
| E922 | Potassium Peroxodisulfate | ||||
| E923 | Ammonium peroxodisulfate | ||||
| E924 | Potassium bromate | ||||
| E925 | |||||
| E926 | |||||
| E927 | |||||
| E928 | |||||
| E929 | Acetone peroxide | ||||
| E930 | Calcium peroxide | ||||
| 938-949 | packing gases | ||||
| E938 | Argon | ||||
| E939 | Helium | ||||
| E940 | Dichlorodifluoromethane | ||||
| E941 | Nitrogen | ||||
| E942 | Nitrous oxide | ||||
| E943 | Bhutan , Isobutane | ||||
| E944 | Propane | ||||
| E945 | |||||
| E946 | |||||
| E947 | |||||
| E948 | Oxygen | ||||
| E949 | Hydrogen | ||||
| 950–969 | sweeteners | ||||
| 990–999 | blowing agents | ||||
| E1000 - E1999 Nutritional supplements . Additional substances. Including antiflaming . | emulsifier | E1000 | Cholic acid | en: Cholic Acid | |
| emulsifier | E1001 | Choline , salts and esters | Choline salts and esters | ||
| flour and bread improver | E1100 | Amylases | en: Amylase | | ||
| flour and bread improver stabilizer, meat and fish ripening accelerator, flavor and aroma enhancer | E1101 | Proteases: (i) protease | en: Proteases : (i) en: Protease | ||
| antioxidant | E1102 | Glucose oxidase | en: Glucose Oxidase | ||
| stabilizer | E1103 | Invertases | en: Invertases | ||
| flavor and aroma enhancer | E1104 | Lipase | en: Lipasess | ||
| preservative | E1105 | Lysozyme | en: Lysozyme | ||
| filler, stabilizer, thickener, water-retaining agent, texture | E1200 | Polydextrose A and N | en: Polydextroses A and N | ||
| thickener, stabilizer, brightener, dispersing agent | E1201 | Polyvinylpyrrolidone | en: Polyvinylpyrrolidone | ||
| thickener, stabilizer, brightener, dispersing agent | E1202 | Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone | en: Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone | ||
| water-retaining agent, glazing agent | E1203 | Polyvinyl alcohol | en: Polyvinyl alcohol | ||
| glaze thickener | E1204 | Pullulan | en: Pullulan | ||
| stabilizer, thickener, binder | E1400 | Dextrins , thermally treated starch , white and yellow | en: Dextrins , roasted starch white and yellow | ||
| stabilizer, thickener, binder | E1401 | Acid -treated starch | Acid-treated starch | ||
| stabilizer, thickener, binder | E1402 | Alkali-treated starch | en: Alkaline modified starch | ||
| stabilizer, thickener, binder | E1403 | Bleached starch | en: Bleached starch | ||
| emulsifier, thickener, binder | E1404 | Oxidized starch | en: Oxidized starch | ||
| stabilizer, thickener, binder | E1405 | Enzyme-treated starch | en: Enzyme treated starch | ||
| stabilizer, thickener, binder | E1410 | Mono starch phosphate | en: Monostarch phosphate | ||
| stabilizer, thickener | E1411 | [Dicrachmalglycerol] "crosslinked" | en: Distarch glycerol | ||
| stabilizer, thickener, binder | E1412 | Dichromatic phosphate esterified with trisodium metaphosphate ; esterified with phosphorus oxychloride | en: Distarch phosphate esterified with sodium trimetasphosphate; esterified with phosphorus oxychloride | ||
| stabilizer, thickener, binder | E1413 | " Crosslinked " phosphated dichromatic phosphate | en: Phosphated distarch phosphate | ||
| emulsifier, thickener | E1414 | Acetylated "crosslinked" dichramphosphate | en: Acetylated distarch phosphate | ||
| stabilizer, thickener | E1420 | Acetate , esterified with acetic anhydride | Starch acetate esterified with acetic anhydride | ||
| stabilizer, thickener | E1421 | Vinyl acetate esterified acetate starch | Starch acetate esterified with vinyl acetate | ||
| stabilizer, thickener, binder | E1422 | Acetylated Dichramaladipate | en: Acetylated Distarch Adipate | ||
| stabilizer, thickener, binder | E1423 | Acetylated Dicrachalglycerol | en: Acetylated distarch glycerol | ||
| stabilizer, thickener | E1430 | Dicrachmalglycerol | en: Distarch glycerine | ||
| emulsifier, thickener, binder | E1440 | Hydroxypropyl starch | en: Hydroxy propyl starch | ||
| emulsifier, thickener, binder | E1441 | Hydroxypropyl Starch Glycerin | en: Hydroxy propyl distarch glycerine | ||
| stabilizer, thickener | E1442 | Oxypropylated "crosslinked" dichramphosphate | en: Hydroxy propyl distarch phosphate | ||
| stabilizer, thickener | E1443 | Oxypropylated dicrachalglycerol | en: Hydroxy propyl distarch glycerol | ||
| stabilizer, thickener, binder, emulsifier | E1450 | Starch and Sodium Octenylate Acid Ester | en: Starch sodium octenyl succinate | ||
| emulsifier, thickener | E1451 | Acetylated Oxidized Starch | en: Acetylated oxidized starch | ||
| stabilizer, enrobing | E1452 | Starch and aluminum salt of octenyl succinic acid ester | |||
| E1501 | Benzyl hydrocarbon | en: Benzylated hydrocarbons | |||
| E1502 | Butane-1, 3-diol | en: Butane-1, 3-diol | |||
| separating agent | E1503 | Castor oil | en: Castor oil | ||
| E1504 | Ethyl acetate | en: Ethyl acetate | |||
| foaming agent | E1505 | Triethyl citrate | en: Triethyl citrate | ||
| E1510 | Ethanol | en: Ethanol | |||
| E1516 | Glycerol monoacetate | en: Glyceryl monoacetate | |||
| water retaining agent, filler | E1517 | Glycerol diacetate ( diacetin ) | en: Glyceryl diacetate or en: diacetin | ||
| water retaining agent | E1518 | Triacetin | en: Glyceryl triacetate or en: triacetin | ||
| filler | E1519 | Benzyl alcohol | en: Benzyl alcohol | ||
| water-retaining, softening and dispersing agent | E1520 | Propylene glycol | en: Propylene glycol | ||
| antifoam | E1521 | Polyethylene glycol | en: Polyethylene glycol | ||
| E1525 | Hydroxyethyl cellulose | en: Hydroxyethyl cellulose | |||
| ammonium peroxodisulfate (ammonium sulfate) | |||||
| Designations | |||||
| Exxx | The substance is not included in the list of food additives approved for use in the food industry in the Russian Federation (Appendix 1 to SanPiN 2.3.2.1293-03) | ||||
| Exxx | The substance was included in the list of food additives acceptable for use in the food industry of the Russian Federation from 2003 to August 1, 2008 (SanPiN 2.3.2.2364-08) | ||||
| Exxx | The substance is included in the list of food additives acceptable for use in the food industry of the Russian Federation as an auxiliary agent for the production of food products (Clause 2.25.2 of SanPiN 2.3.2.1293-03) | ||||
| Exxx | The substance is included in the list of food additives prohibited for use in the food industry of other countries, but allowed in the Russian Federation | ||||
Nutritional Supplements in Russia
First of all, it should be noted that the food toxicology laboratory of the Institute of Nutrition RAMS does not participate in the prohibition of food additives harmful to humans, but refers to the existing special international mechanism and the work of JECFA - the joint FAO / WHO committee on food additives [2] .
On the territory of Russia, the use of food additives is controlled by the national authorities of Rospotrebnadzor and the regulatory acts and sanitary rules of the Russian Ministry of Health (in the USSR, the first such rules came into force in 1978).
The main documents are:
- Federal Law “On the Sanitary and Epidemiological Well-Being of the Population” of March 30, 1999 N 52-FZ [3]
- Federal Law “On the Quality and Safety of Food Products” dated 02.01.2000, N 29-ФЗ [4]
- Federal law "Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on the protection of the health of citizens" dated 07.22.1993 [5]
- SanPiN 2.3.2.1293-03 "Hygienic requirements for the use of food additives" - since June 12, 2003 [6]
- Prohibited Supplements
- E121 - Citrus red ( dye ) [7]
- E123 - Red amaranth (dye) [7]
- E128 [8] - 09/03/2007. Red 2G (dye)
- E216 [9] - Para-hydroxybenzoic acid propyl ether, paraben group ( preservative )
- E217 [9] - Para-hydroxybenzoic acid propyl ether sodium salt ( preservative )
- E240 - Formaldehyde ( preservative ) [7]
- Unauthorized additives are additives that have not been tested or are being tested, but there is no final outcome yet.
- E127 - Erythrosine - banned in a number of countries
- E154 - Brown FK
- E173 - Aluminum
- E180 - Ruby lithol VK
- E388 - Thiopropionic Acid
- E389 - Dilaurylthiodipropionate
- E424 - Kurdlan
- E512 - Tin (II) chloride
- E537 - Iron hexacyanomanganate
- E557 - Zinc silicate
- E912 - Montanic acid esters
- E914 - Oxidized Polyethylene Wax
- E916 - Calcium iodate
- E917 - Potassium iodate. Food packaging may be indicated as KIO3 (potassium iodide).
- E918 - Nitrogen oxides
- E919 - Nitrosyl chloride
- E922 - Potassium persulfate
- E923 - Ammonium persulfate
- E924b - Calcium bromate
- E925 - Chlorine
- E926 - Chlorine dioxide
- E929 - Acetone peroxide
Allowed in Russia, but prohibited in the European Union [7] :
- E142 - Synthetic food color Green S
- E425 - cognac , flour, gum and glucomannan from it [7]
The Dangers of Some Food Additives
Food additives are used to improve the properties and shelf life of food products, and for various other purposes in the manufacture, processing, packaging and storage of products. Often, food additives are suspected of involvement in allergy, asthma, and other health problems that have become more frequent in the 21st century [1] .
Reports periodically appear in the media that, for example: “supplement E *** causes cancerous tumors”, an allergy or an upset stomach, and other unpleasant consequences. However, it must be understood that the effect of any chemical substance on the human body depends on both the individual characteristics of the organism and the quantity of the substance. For each supplement, as a rule, an allowable daily intake dose (the so-called chipboard) is determined, exceeding which entails negative consequences. For some substances used as food additives, this dose is several milligrams per kilogram of body (for example, E250 - sodium nitrite ), for others (for example, E951 - aspartame or E330 - citric acid ) - tenths of a gram per kg of body.
E250 ( sodium nitrite ) is usually used in sausages [7] , although sodium nitrite is a toxic substance, including for mammals (50 percent of rats die at a dose of 180 milligrams per kilogram of weight), but it is used in practice because it prevents the development of much more toxic bacteria Clostridium botulinum in meat products, which produce Botulinum toxin . Для копчёных колбас высоких сортов норма содержания нитрита установлена выше, чем для варёных — считается, что их едят в меньших количествах.
Большинство пищевых добавок можно считать вполне безопасными [10] . Со временем, по мере развития аналитических методов и появления новых токсикологических данных, государственные нормативы на содержание примесей в пищевых добавках могут пересматриваться.
Часть добавок, ранее считавшихся безвредными (например, формальдегид E240 в шоколадных батончиках или E121 в газированной воде), позднее были признаны слишком опасными и запрещены; кроме того, добавки, безвредные для одного человека, могут оказать сильное вредное воздействие на другого. Поэтому врачи рекомендуют по возможности оградить от пищевых добавок детей, пожилых и аллергиков [7] .
Некоторые производители в маркетинговых целях не указывают ингредиенты с буквенным кодом E. Они заменяют их на название добавки, например, « глутамат натрия ». Ряд производителей использует полную запись — и химическое наименование, и код Е [11] .
Также известность получил Вильжюифский список , в котором вред некоторых пищевых добавок был указан ошибочно.
See also
- Вкусовые добавки
- Реакция Майяра
- Олестра
- Вильжюифский список
- Пищевая инженерия
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Oxford, 2014 , p. 200.
- ↑ НИИ питания РАМН
- ↑ Федеральный закон «О санитарно-эпидемиологическом благополучии населения» от 30.03.1999 г. N 52-ФЗ
- ↑ Федеральный закон «О качестве и безопасности пищевых продуктов» от 02.01.2000, N 29-ФЗ
- ↑ Федеральный закон «Основы законодательства Российской Федерации об охране здоровья граждан» от 22.07.1993 (недоступная ссылка)
- ↑ СанПиН 2.3.2.1293-03 «Гигиенические требования по применению пищевых добавок» — c 12 июня 2003 года (с изм 2008 и 2009 годов) — RTF
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Петрухина А. Из чего мы состоим? Из того, что мы едим… Наука и жизнь, № 1 (2009), стр. 26-29.
- ↑ О запрещении использования пищевой добавки E 128 (недоступная ссылка) . Дата обращения 18 марта 2010. Архивировано 16 сентября 2008 года.
- ↑ 1 2 http://www.rg.ru/2005/03/02/e216-dok.html Постановление Главного государственного санитарного врача Российской Федерации от 18 января 2005 г. N 1 г. Москва «О запрещении использования пищевых добавок»
- ↑ Эксперт: не все Е-добавки опасны (недоступная ссылка) , Портал о безалкогольных напитках http://my-drinks.org Архивная копия от 7 октября 2016 на Wayback Machine 30.08.2011
- ↑ Алексей Фадеев. Брендинг Unlimited — тренды в современной упаковке.
Literature
- Пищевые добавки // Большая российская энциклопедия. Том 26. — М. , 2014. — С. 309.
- Сарафанова Л. А. Пищевые добавки: энциклопедия / Л. А. Сарафанова, Изд. 2-е.- СПб.: Изд.-во Гиорд, 2004.- 808 с.
- Оценка некоторых пищевых добавок и контаминантов. 41 доклад объединенных экспертов ФАО/ВОЗ по пищевым добавкам, Женева. — М: «Медицина», 1994 г. — 72 с.
- Оценка некоторых пищевых добавок и контаминантов. 37 докладов объединенных экспертов ФАО/ВОЗ по пищевым добавкам, Женева. — М: «Медицина», 1974 г. — 48 с.
- Петрухина А. Из чего мы состоим? Из того, что мы едим… Наука и жизнь, № 1 (2009), стр. 26-29.
- Принципы оценки безопасности пищевых добавок и контаминантов в продуктах питания. — М.: «Медицина», 1991 г. — 158 с.
- Росивал Л. и др. Посторонние вещества и пищевые добавки в продуктах. — М.: «Лег. и пищ . пром.», 1982 г. — 264 с.
- Химия пищевых добавок: Тезисы докладов Всесоюзной конференции. Черновцы. — Киев: НПО «Пищевые добавки», 1989 г. — 256 с.
- Штейнберг А. И. и др. Добавки к пищевым продуктам (Гигиенические требования и нормирование). — М.: «Медицина», 1969 г. — 95 с.
- The Oxford Companion to Food / Alan Davidson, Tom Jaine. - Oxford University Press , 2014 .-- ISBN 978-0-19-104072-6 .