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Nutritional supplements

Food additives - substances that are added for technological purposes to food products during production, packaging, transportation or storage to give them the desired properties, for example, a certain aroma ( flavorings ), color ( dyes ), shelf life ( preservatives ), taste, texture and etc. Some people tend to eat foods without additives, although in the strict sense of the word salt and pepper are also them [1] .

Usage Standards

The legislation of many countries requires the indication of additives used in the manufacture of the product. For classification, both full names are used (in the USA; an example is “ acetic acid ”) and serial numbers preceded by the letter “E” (in the European Union): for example, E260 is the number of acetic acid [1] . There are additives in the code of which there is no E - for example, additive number 154 - this is Brown FK dye, used only in the UK [1] .

International standards for food additives and impurities are defined by the Joint Committee of Experts of the International Agricultural Organization (JECFA) and the Codex Alimentarius, adopted by the FAO / WHO International Commission and binding on the countries that are members of the WTO .

Food Stabilizers

Food stabilizers are substances that are used in the confectionery, dairy, bakery and meat processing industries to give products the desired shape and texture, as well as to maintain the desired consistency over a long period of time.

For example: iso sodium ascorbate (E-316), sodium citrate (E-331), calcium citrate (E-333), potassium tartrate (E-336), sodium phosphate (E-339), potassium phosphate (E-340) Calcium Phosphate (E-341), etc.

Classification by numbers

For the classification of food additives in the EU countries, a numbering system has been developed (effective since 1953). Each supplement has a unique number starting with the letter “E”. The numbering system has been finalized and adopted for the international classification of Codex Alimentarius . The first digit of the code indicates the general purpose of the supplement:

  • dye codes start at 1;
  • on 2 - preservatives ;
  • on 3:
    • 300–322 - antioxidants ,
    • 333-399 - antioxidants and stabilizers;
  • on 4 - emulsifiers and stabilizers;
  • on 5 - substances against caking and clumping;
  • on 6 - amplifiers of taste and smell;
  • 7 and 8 are not used (except for antibiotics 710-713);
  • 9 begins with codes for enrobers , softeners and other improvers for baking and other substances [1] .

Some commonly used substances do not have a code, for example, vanillin and unmodified starch [1] .

Index GroupTechnological functionsIndexSubstance nameEnglish name
E100 - E199
Dyes
100-109yellowE102Tartrazine
110-119orange
120-129redsE123Amaranth
130-139blue and violet
140-149green
150-159brown and black
160-199otherE165Gardenia Blue
E171Titanium dioxide
E172Iron oxide yellow
E173Aluminum
E175Gold
E200 - E299
Preservatives
200—209sorbates
210-219benzoates
220—229sulfites
230—239phenols and formates ( methanoates )
240—259nitratesE240Formaldehyde
260—269acetates ( ethanoates )
270—279lactates
280-289propinoates ( propanoates )
290-299other
E300 - E399
Antioxidants
300-305ascorbates (vitamin C)
306-309tocopherol (vitamin E)
310-319gallates and erythorbates
320—329lactates
330—339citrates
340—349phosphates
350—359malates and adipates ( adipates )
360—369succinates and fumarates
370-399other
E400 - E499
Stabilizers, thickeners ,
emulsifiers
400-409alginates
410-419gums
420-429other natural substances
430-439polyoxyethylene compounds
440-449natural emulsifiersIncluding pectin
450–459phosphates
460-469cellulose compounds
470-489fatty acid compounds
490-499other
E500 - E599
PH regulators
and anti-caking substances
500-509Inorganic acids and bases
510-519chlorides and sulfatesE517Ammonium sulfate
520-529sulfates and hydroxidesE526Calcium hydroxideCalcium hydroxide
530-549alkali metal compoundsE530Magnesium oxide
550—559silicatesE553bTalc
570-579stearates and gluconates
580-599other
E600 - E699
Amplifiers of taste and aroma,
flavorings
620-629glutamatesE621Monosodium glutamate
630-639inosinates
640—649other
E700 - E799
Antibiotics
710-713
E800 - E899
Reserve
E900 - E999
Other
900-909waxes
910-919enrobers
920-930flour improvers
E920L- cysteine
E921
E922Potassium Peroxodisulfate
E923Ammonium peroxodisulfate
E924Potassium bromate
E925
E926
E927
E928
E929Acetone peroxide
E930Calcium peroxide
938-949packing gases
E938Argon
E939Helium
E940Dichlorodifluoromethane
E941Nitrogen
E942Nitrous oxide
E943Bhutan , Isobutane
E944Propane
E945
E946
E947
E948Oxygen
E949Hydrogen
950–969sweeteners
990–999blowing agents
E1000 - E1999
Nutritional supplements . Additional substances. Including antiflaming .
emulsifierE1000Cholic aciden: Cholic Acid
emulsifierE1001Choline , salts and estersCholine salts and esters
flour and bread improverE1100Amylasesen: Amylase |
flour and bread improver stabilizer, meat and fish ripening accelerator, flavor and aroma enhancerE1101Proteases:

(i) protease
(ii) papain
(iii) bromelain
(iv) ficin

en: Proteases :

(i) en: Protease
(ii) en: Papain
(iii) en: Bromelain
(iv) en: Ficin

antioxidantE1102Glucose oxidaseen: Glucose Oxidase
stabilizerE1103Invertasesen: Invertases
flavor and aroma enhancerE1104Lipaseen: Lipasess
preservativeE1105Lysozymeen: Lysozyme
filler, stabilizer, thickener, water-retaining agent, textureE1200Polydextrose A and Nen: Polydextroses A and N
thickener, stabilizer, brightener, dispersing agentE1201Polyvinylpyrrolidoneen: Polyvinylpyrrolidone
thickener, stabilizer, brightener, dispersing agentE1202Polyvinylpolypyrrolidoneen: Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone
water-retaining agent, glazing agentE1203Polyvinyl alcoholen: Polyvinyl alcohol
glaze thickenerE1204Pullulanen: Pullulan
stabilizer, thickener, binderE1400Dextrins , thermally treated starch , white and yellowen: Dextrins , roasted starch white and yellow
stabilizer, thickener, binderE1401Acid -treated starchAcid-treated starch
stabilizer, thickener, binderE1402Alkali-treated starchen: Alkaline modified starch
stabilizer, thickener, binderE1403Bleached starchen: Bleached starch
emulsifier, thickener, binderE1404Oxidized starchen: Oxidized starch
stabilizer, thickener, binderE1405Enzyme-treated starchen: Enzyme treated starch
stabilizer, thickener, binderE1410Mono starch phosphateen: Monostarch phosphate
stabilizer, thickenerE1411[Dicrachmalglycerol] "crosslinked"en: Distarch glycerol
stabilizer, thickener, binderE1412Dichromatic phosphate esterified with trisodium metaphosphate ; esterified with phosphorus oxychlorideen: Distarch phosphate esterified with sodium trimetasphosphate; esterified with phosphorus oxychloride
stabilizer, thickener, binderE1413" Crosslinked " phosphated dichromatic phosphateen: Phosphated distarch phosphate
emulsifier, thickenerE1414Acetylated "crosslinked" dichramphosphateen: Acetylated distarch phosphate
stabilizer, thickenerE1420Acetate , esterified with acetic anhydrideStarch acetate esterified with acetic anhydride
stabilizer, thickenerE1421Vinyl acetate esterified acetate starchStarch acetate esterified with vinyl acetate
stabilizer, thickener, binderE1422Acetylated Dichramaladipateen: Acetylated Distarch Adipate
stabilizer, thickener, binderE1423Acetylated Dicrachalglycerolen: Acetylated distarch glycerol
stabilizer, thickenerE1430Dicrachmalglycerolen: Distarch glycerine
emulsifier, thickener, binderE1440Hydroxypropyl starchen: Hydroxy propyl starch
emulsifier, thickener, binderE1441Hydroxypropyl Starch Glycerinen: Hydroxy propyl distarch glycerine
stabilizer, thickenerE1442Oxypropylated "crosslinked" dichramphosphateen: Hydroxy propyl distarch phosphate
stabilizer, thickenerE1443Oxypropylated dicrachalglycerolen: Hydroxy propyl distarch glycerol
stabilizer, thickener, binder, emulsifierE1450Starch and Sodium Octenylate Acid Esteren: Starch sodium octenyl succinate
emulsifier, thickenerE1451Acetylated Oxidized Starchen: Acetylated oxidized starch
stabilizer, enrobingE1452Starch and aluminum salt of octenyl succinic acid ester
E1501Benzyl hydrocarbonen: Benzylated hydrocarbons
E1502Butane-1, 3-diolen: Butane-1, 3-diol
separating agentE1503Castor oilen: Castor oil
E1504Ethyl acetateen: Ethyl acetate
foaming agentE1505Triethyl citrateen: Triethyl citrate
E1510Ethanolen: Ethanol
E1516Glycerol monoacetateen: Glyceryl monoacetate
water retaining agent, fillerE1517Glycerol diacetate ( diacetin )en: Glyceryl diacetate or en: diacetin
water retaining agentE1518Triacetinen: Glyceryl triacetate or en: triacetin
fillerE1519Benzyl alcoholen: Benzyl alcohol
water-retaining, softening and dispersing agentE1520Propylene glycolen: Propylene glycol
antifoamE1521Polyethylene glycolen: Polyethylene glycol
E1525Hydroxyethyl celluloseen: Hydroxyethyl cellulose
ammonium peroxodisulfate (ammonium sulfate)
Designations
ExxxThe substance is not included in the list of food additives approved for use in the food industry in the Russian Federation (Appendix 1 to SanPiN 2.3.2.1293-03)
ExxxThe substance was included in the list of food additives acceptable for use in the food industry of the Russian Federation from 2003 to August 1, 2008 (SanPiN 2.3.2.2364-08)
ExxxThe substance is included in the list of food additives acceptable for use in the food industry of the Russian Federation as an auxiliary agent for the production of food products (Clause 2.25.2 of SanPiN 2.3.2.1293-03)
ExxxThe substance is included in the list of food additives prohibited for use in the food industry of other countries, but allowed in the Russian Federation

Nutritional Supplements in Russia

First of all, it should be noted that the food toxicology laboratory of the Institute of Nutrition RAMS does not participate in the prohibition of food additives harmful to humans, but refers to the existing special international mechanism and the work of JECFA - the joint FAO / WHO committee on food additives [2] .

On the territory of Russia, the use of food additives is controlled by the national authorities of Rospotrebnadzor and the regulatory acts and sanitary rules of the Russian Ministry of Health (in the USSR, the first such rules came into force in 1978).

The main documents are:

  • Federal Law “On the Sanitary and Epidemiological Well-Being of the Population” of March 30, 1999 N 52-FZ [3]
  • Federal Law “On the Quality and Safety of Food Products” dated 02.01.2000, N 29-ФЗ [4]
  • Federal law "Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on the protection of the health of citizens" dated 07.22.1993 [5]
  • SanPiN 2.3.2.1293-03 "Hygienic requirements for the use of food additives" - since June 12, 2003 [6]
Prohibited Supplements
  • E121 - Citrus red ( dye ) [7]
  • E123 - Red amaranth (dye) [7]
  • E128 [8] - 09/03/2007. Red 2G (dye)
  • E216 [9] - Para-hydroxybenzoic acid propyl ether, paraben group ( preservative )
  • E217 [9] - Para-hydroxybenzoic acid propyl ether sodium salt ( preservative )
  • E240 - Formaldehyde ( preservative ) [7]
Unauthorized additives are additives that have not been tested or are being tested, but there is no final outcome yet.
  • E127 - Erythrosine - banned in a number of countries
  • E154 - Brown FK
  • E173 - Aluminum
  • E180 - Ruby lithol VK
  • E388 - Thiopropionic Acid
  • E389 - Dilaurylthiodipropionate
  • E424 - Kurdlan
  • E512 - Tin (II) chloride
  • E537 - Iron hexacyanomanganate
  • E557 - Zinc silicate
  • E912 - Montanic acid esters
  • E914 - Oxidized Polyethylene Wax
  • E916 - Calcium iodate
  • E917 - Potassium iodate. Food packaging may be indicated as KIO3 (potassium iodide).
  • E918 - Nitrogen oxides
  • E919 - Nitrosyl chloride
  • E922 - Potassium persulfate
  • E923 - Ammonium persulfate
  • E924b - Calcium bromate
  • E925 - Chlorine
  • E926 - Chlorine dioxide
  • E929 - Acetone peroxide

Allowed in Russia, but prohibited in the European Union [7] :

  • E142 - Synthetic food color Green S
  • E425 - cognac , flour, gum and glucomannan from it [7]

The Dangers of Some Food Additives

Food additives are used to improve the properties and shelf life of food products, and for various other purposes in the manufacture, processing, packaging and storage of products. Often, food additives are suspected of involvement in allergy, asthma, and other health problems that have become more frequent in the 21st century [1] .

Reports periodically appear in the media that, for example: “supplement E *** causes cancerous tumors”, an allergy or an upset stomach, and other unpleasant consequences. However, it must be understood that the effect of any chemical substance on the human body depends on both the individual characteristics of the organism and the quantity of the substance. For each supplement, as a rule, an allowable daily intake dose (the so-called chipboard) is determined, exceeding which entails negative consequences. For some substances used as food additives, this dose is several milligrams per kilogram of body (for example, E250 - sodium nitrite ), for others (for example, E951 - aspartame or E330 - citric acid ) - tenths of a gram per kg of body.

E250 ( sodium nitrite ) is usually used in sausages [7] , although sodium nitrite is a toxic substance, including for mammals (50 percent of rats die at a dose of 180 milligrams per kilogram of weight), but it is used in practice because it prevents the development of much more toxic bacteria Clostridium botulinum in meat products, which produce Botulinum toxin . Для копчёных колбас высоких сортов норма содержания нитрита установлена выше, чем для варёных — считается, что их едят в меньших количествах.

Большинство пищевых добавок можно считать вполне безопасными [10] . Со временем, по мере развития аналитических методов и появления новых токсикологических данных, государственные нормативы на содержание примесей в пищевых добавках могут пересматриваться.

Часть добавок, ранее считавшихся безвредными (например, формальдегид E240 в шоколадных батончиках или E121 в газированной воде), позднее были признаны слишком опасными и запрещены; кроме того, добавки, безвредные для одного человека, могут оказать сильное вредное воздействие на другого. Поэтому врачи рекомендуют по возможности оградить от пищевых добавок детей, пожилых и аллергиков [7] .

Некоторые производители в маркетинговых целях не указывают ингредиенты с буквенным кодом E. Они заменяют их на название добавки, например, « глутамат натрия ». Ряд производителей использует полную запись — и химическое наименование, и код Е [11] .

Также известность получил Вильжюифский список , в котором вред некоторых пищевых добавок был указан ошибочно.

See also

  • Вкусовые добавки
  • Реакция Майяра
  • Олестра
  • Вильжюифский список
  • Пищевая инженерия

Notes

  1. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Oxford, 2014 , p. 200.
  2. ↑ НИИ питания РАМН
  3. ↑ Федеральный закон «О санитарно-эпидемиологическом благополучии населения» от 30.03.1999 г. N 52-ФЗ
  4. ↑ Федеральный закон «О качестве и безопасности пищевых продуктов» от 02.01.2000, N 29-ФЗ
  5. ↑ Федеральный закон «Основы законодательства Российской Федерации об охране здоровья граждан» от 22.07.1993 (недоступная ссылка)
  6. ↑ СанПиН 2.3.2.1293-03 «Гигиенические требования по применению пищевых добавок» — c 12 июня 2003 года (с изм 2008 и 2009 годов) — RTF
  7. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Петрухина А. Из чего мы состоим? Из того, что мы едим… Наука и жизнь, № 1 (2009), стр. 26-29.
  8. ↑ О запрещении использования пищевой добавки E 128 (неопр.) (недоступная ссылка) . Дата обращения 18 марта 2010. Архивировано 16 сентября 2008 года.
  9. ↑ 1 2 http://www.rg.ru/2005/03/02/e216-dok.html Постановление Главного государственного санитарного врача Российской Федерации от 18 января 2005 г. N 1 г. Москва «О запрещении использования пищевых добавок»
  10. ↑ Эксперт: не все Е-добавки опасны (недоступная ссылка) , Портал о безалкогольных напитках http://my-drinks.org Архивная копия от 7 октября 2016 на Wayback Machine 30.08.2011
  11. ↑ Алексей Фадеев. Брендинг Unlimited — тренды в современной упаковке.

Literature

  • Пищевые добавки // Большая российская энциклопедия. Том 26. — М. , 2014. — С. 309.
  • Сарафанова Л. А. Пищевые добавки: энциклопедия / Л. А. Сарафанова, Изд. 2-е.- СПб.: Изд.-во Гиорд, 2004.- 808 с.
  • Оценка некоторых пищевых добавок и контаминантов. 41 доклад объединенных экспертов ФАО/ВОЗ по пищевым добавкам, Женева. — М: «Медицина», 1994 г. — 72 с.
  • Оценка некоторых пищевых добавок и контаминантов. 37 докладов объединенных экспертов ФАО/ВОЗ по пищевым добавкам, Женева. — М: «Медицина», 1974 г. — 48 с.
  • Петрухина А. Из чего мы состоим? Из того, что мы едим… Наука и жизнь, № 1 (2009), стр. 26-29.
  • Принципы оценки безопасности пищевых добавок и контаминантов в продуктах питания. — М.: «Медицина», 1991 г. — 158 с.
  • Росивал Л. и др. Посторонние вещества и пищевые добавки в продуктах. — М.: «Лег. и пищ . пром.», 1982 г. — 264 с.
  • Химия пищевых добавок: Тезисы докладов Всесоюзной конференции. Черновцы. — Киев: НПО «Пищевые добавки», 1989 г. — 256 с.
  • Штейнберг А. И. и др. Добавки к пищевым продуктам (Гигиенические требования и нормирование). — М.: «Медицина», 1969 г. — 95 с.
  • The Oxford Companion to Food / Alan Davidson, Tom Jaine. - Oxford University Press , 2014 .-- ISBN 978-0-19-104072-6 .

Links

  • Постановление Главного государственного санитарного врача РФ от 18 апреля 2003 г. N 59 «О введении в действие санитарно-эпидемиологических правил и нормативов СанПиН 2.3.2.1293-03» (с изменениями и дополнениями) .
Источник — https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Пищевые_добавки&oldid=101103913


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