Eluard, Paul

In 1912 , tuberculosis was discovered in young Eluard, he was forced to interrupt his studies in Paris and leave for treatment in Switzerland . There, in a sanatorium, he met Elena Dyakonova, whom he called Gala . She became his muse, it was then that he began to write poetry. In 1917, Paul Eluard and Gala got married, a year later they had a daughter, Cecile. The poet participated in the First World War as a nurse in the hospital, at the front he wrote a collection of poems, first signed with the name Paul Eluard. In 1918, it was "discovered" by Jean Polan ; he introduced him to Breton , Aragon , and Max Ernst . Together with them, Eluard became one of the founders of Dadaism , and then Surrealism . In 1923 he broke with Dadaism, quarreling with Tristan Tzara .

In 1926, together with other surrealists, he joined the Communist Party, in 1933 he was expelled for anti-Soviet statements, but in 1942 he was again accepted. In 1926 , the day before the publication of the poetry collection Mourir de ne pas mourir (“To die because you don’t die”), mentioned in one letter from Éluard as his last book, he, unexpectedly for everyone, went on a journey, leaving a farewell note only to father. Gala and his friends thought he was dead. Travel around the world lasted seven months. Retiring from his home, he began to send letters to his wife, and Gala was able to join her husband, finding him already in Asia, from where they returned to France together.

In 1929, Paul Eluard met Salvador Dali and later introduced his wife to him. Gala decides to leave from Eluard to Dali, who on this occasion wrote "Portrait of Paul Eluard." Dali put it this way:

“I felt that it was my responsibility to capture the face of the poet, from Olympus whom I stole one of the muses.”

In 1929, he met Maria Benz (Nyush), his new muse, and future wife. In 1930, Gala finally left Eluard for Salvador Dali, filed for divorce in 1932, and in 1934 Eluard married Nyush.

He wrote poems about the criminal Violetta Noziere ^[1] when she was the accused (she committed a crime and was arrested in 1933, convicted in 1934).

During the Spanish Civil War, Paul opposed the Franco movement. In those years, he became close to Pablo Picasso ; it was the painting of the artist “Guernica” that inspired Eluard to write the poem “Victory of Guernica”.

At the beginning of World War II, Paul settled in Paris and joined the underground struggle against the Nazis occupying France. He wrote poetry to support the spirit of partisans during the years of the Resistance . Leaflets with the text of one of the most famous works of Eluard “Freedom” were scattered from English planes over France. In 1942 , already underground, he was again admitted to the Communist Party.

After the war, the poet suffered a new blow, the death of his beloved wife Nyush. Paul Eluard traveled around the world, participating in various congresses dedicated to the world and as a representative of the surrealist movement. In 1950, in Warsaw, he participated in the II World Congress of Peace Supporters, at which the World Peace Council was created. In the same year he met Dominic Lemor, they married in 1951. Paul wrote a collection of poems "Phoenix", dedicated to their relationship and the newfound joy of life. In February 1952, the poet represented French culture on the anniversary of Victor Hugo in Moscow .

November 18, 1952 Paul Eluard died of a heart attack , was buried in the Paris cemetery of Pere Lachaise .

Winner of the International Peace Prize ( 1952 ).

To the works of Eluard, music was written by F. Pulenk , A. Sauguet , L. Nono , K. Saariaho , A. Volkonsky , Alexander Gradsky , Vytautas Barkauskas.

The title of Francoise Sagan ’s novel “A Little Sun in Cold Water” (Un peu de soleil dans l'eau froide, 1969) is taken from Eluard’s poem Living Here (Vivre ici), published in 1926.

Writer and screenwriter Frederic Fajardier gave the name of Eugene Grindel (real name of Eluard) to the hero of his novel Style (1984), which formed the basis of the film “ Do Not Wake the Sleeping Policeman” with Alain Delon and Michel Cerro ).

One of the prizes awarded by the Society of French Poets is named after Paul Eluard.

On April 2, 2007, the asteroid (15752) Éluard was named after the poet.

• Premiers poèmes / First Poems ( 1913 )
• Le Devoir / Debt ( 1916 , the first book to be released under the pseudonym Paul Eluard)
• Le Devoir et l'Inquiétude / Duty and Anxiety ( 1917 )
• Les animaux et leurs hommes, les hommes et leurs animaux / Animals and their people, people and their animals ( 1920 )
• Mourir de ne pas mourir / To die because you do not die ( 1924 )
• Capitale de la Douleur / City of Sorrows ( 1926 )
• Les Dessous d'une vie ou la Pyramide humaine / The wrong side of one life, or The Human Pyramid ( 1926 )
• L'Amour la Poésie / Love Poetry ( 1929 )
• Ralentir travaux / Set aside Works ( 1930 , co-authored with A. Breton and R. Shar )
• La Vie immédiate / Life itself ( 1932 )
• La rosé publique / Rose for All ( 1934 )
• Yeux fertiles / Fruitful Eyes ( 1936 )
• Poésie et vérité 1942 / Poetry and truth of 1942 ( 1942 )
• Les sept poèmes d'amour en guerre / Seven poems about love in war ( 1943 )
• Poésie ininterrompue / Continuous Poetry ( 1946 )
• Le dur désir de durer / Hot thirst to live ( 1946 , illustrations by M. Chagall )
• Notre vie / Our Life ( 1947 )
• Ode à Staline / Oda to Stalin ( 1950 )
• Tout dire / Say Everything ( 1951 )
• Le Phénix / Phoenix ( 1951 )

• [Poems] // Livshits B. From romantics to surrealists: Anthology of French poetry. L .: Time, 1934, p. 139-140
• Selected Poems / Translation from French and foreword by Paul Antokolsky . - M .: Publishing house of foreign literature , 1961. - 72 p.
• Poems / Transl. M. Waxmacher . - M .: Nauka, 1971 (Literary Monuments)
• [Poems] // West European poetry of the XX century. - M .: Fiction, 1977, p.595-604
• Poems. M .: Fiction, 1985
• Poems. Per. M. Ankudinova // http://teneta.rinet.ru/1998/transl_stihi/ankudinov/eluard.htm
• [Poems] // Seven centuries of French poetry in Russian translations. - SPb. : Eurasia, 1999, p. 584-589
• [Poems] // Kozova V. Anthology of French poetry. M .: House of Intellectual Books, 2001, p.188-190
• The poetry of French surrealism. SPb. : Amphora, 2003. - p. 49-76

• Jean R. Paul Éluard par lui-même ... Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1968.
• Guyard MR Le vocabulaire politique de Paul Éluard. Paris: Klincksieck, 1974.
• Paul Éluard et ses amis peintres, 1895-1952 / Annick Lionel-Marie, ed. Paris: Le Center, 1982
• Decaunes L. Paul Éluard: l'amour, la révolte, le rêve. Paris: Balland, 1982
• Vanoyeke V. Paul Éluard: le poète de la liberté: biographie. Paris: Editions Julliard, 1995
• Eluard Paul // Elokventsiya - Yaya. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1957. - P. 11. - ( Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 51 vols.] / Ch. Ed. B. A. Vvedensky ; 1949-1958, vol. 49).
• Paul Eluard: Bibliographic Index / Comp. A.V. Paevskaya. M., 1963
• Velikovsky S. I. ... Toward the horizon of all people: The Path of Paul Eluard. M .: Fiction, 1968
• Velikovsky S. I. Intersection of Rays: Group Portrait with Paul Eluard. M .: Soviet writer, 1987
• Velikovsky S. ... To the horizon of all // Velikovsky S. Speculation and literature: Essays on French culture. M.-SPb: University Book, 1999, p. 421-511
• Sanouille M. Dada in Paris. M .: Ladomir, 1999

• [1] (French)
• Biography (Fr.)
• Love Triangle Paul Eluard - Gala - Dali