Skat Smirnova [1] ( Latin: Bathyraja smirnovi ) is a species of cartilaginous fish of the genus of deep-water rajids of the Arhynchobatidae family of the stingrays . They live in the temperate waters of the northwestern Pacific . They are found at a depth of up to 1125 m. Their large, flattened pectoral fins form a rounded disk with a triangular snout. The maximum recorded length is 116 cm. Eggs are laid. The diet consists of invertebrate and bony fish. Not subject to commercial fishing [2] [3] [4] .
| Skat Smirnova |
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| Scientific classification |
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| No rank : | Bilateral symmetrical |
| Family: | One-Feathered Rays |
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| International scientific name |
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Bathyraja smirnovi Soldatov & Pavlenko , 1915 |
| Synonyms |
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- Arctoraja smirnovi (Soldatov & Pavlenko, 1915)
- Breviraja smirnovi (Soldatov & Pavlenko, 1915)
- Breviraja smirnovi smirnovi (Soldatov & Pavlenko, 1915)
- Raja smirnovi Soldatov and Pavlenko, 1915
- Breviraja smirnovi ankasube Ishiyama, 1958
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| Security status |
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Least ConcernedIUCN 3.1 Least Concern : 161612 |
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Content
The species was first scientifically described in 1915 [5] . These stingrays are often confused with other deep-sea stingrays common in the range. In some sources, this species is considered as a synonym for shield-bearing stingray [3] .
Smirnov slopes are distributed from the northern part of the Sea of Japan , throughout the Sea of Okhotsk up to the west of the Bering Sea [3] . In Primorye, they are found in the Gulf of Peter the Great , as well as along the coast to the Tatar Strait, inclusive [6] . They are found on the continental slope at a depth of up to 1125 m [3] .
The wide and flat pectoral fins of these rays form a rhombic disk with a wide triangular snout and rounded edges [2] . The width of the disk significantly exceeds its length [6] . On the ventral side of the disc are 5 gill slits, nostrils and mouth. On the tail there are lateral folds stretching from its base. These skates have 2 reduced dorsal fins and a reduced caudal fin [2] . The dorsal surface of the disc is light brown; the ventral surface is whitish. The snout is wide, not elongated. The interorbital space is wide, concave. The skin is smooth, with the exception of a few small spines located along the anterior and posterior margins of the pectoral fins, at the apex of the snout, and also at the anterior and posterior parts of the margins of the orbits. There are three large spines along the midline of the disk in males and two in females. A single row of spines lies along the dorsal surface of the tail [6] .
The distance between the dorsal fins is 0.1-1.4% of the body length. The number of vertebrae is 118-127. The length of the mouth is 8.3-11.6% of the total length [7] .
The maximum recorded length is 116 cm [3] .
Embryos feed exclusively on yolk . These stingrays lay eggs enclosed in a horn capsule with hard "horns" at the ends [4] . The capsule is about 12.4-15 cm long and 8.7-9 cm wide [8] . The length of newborn stingrays is about 22 cm. Males and females reach puberty with a length of 92 cm and 100 cm [3] .
The diet of Smirnov stingrays mainly consists of crustaceans ( shrimp and crab ), octopus and fish ( Far Eastern sardine , saury , Japanese horse mackerel , scorpion ) [3] .
On Smirnov skates, cestodes Grillotia borealis [9] and nematodes Hysterothylacium aduncum [10] and Pseudanisakis rajae [11] parasitize.
These ramps are not the target fishing target. Caught in by- catch in the deep-sea fishery for sea bass and halibut using bottom tiers and trawls. At present, the domestic fishing industry practically does not use stingrays, while in Japan and in the countries of Southeast Asia they serve as objects of specialized fishing. A large liver is good for getting fat. "Wings" are used in food in fresh and dried form. The meat is suitable for the production of surimi [12] [13] . The abundance of deep-sea slopes in the Kamchatka waters is quite large. The bottom tiers are considered the most effective tool for their fishing [14] . According to the data of recorded trawl surveys in the Kamchatka waters (1990–2000), the biomass of rays of the genus Bathyraja totals 118–120 thousand tons. With a capture rate of 20%, their potential catch is estimated at 20 thousand tons [15] . The International Union for Conservation of Nature has assigned this species a conservation status of “Least Concerns” [3] .
- ↑ Aquatic biological resources that are not protected by the state and whose production is not regulated (neopr.) . Order of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation (Ministry of Agriculture of Russia) dated May 18, 2005 N 85 . Date of treatment January 21, 2016.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. Family Anacanthobatidae - Smooth skates (neopr.) . FishBase (2014).
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Bathyraja smirnovi . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
- ↑ 1 2 Skat Smirnov in the FishBase database.
- ↑ Soldatov V.K., Pavlenko M.N. Description of a new species of the family. Rjidae from the Gulf of Peter the Great and the Sea of Okhotsk // Yearbook of the Zoological Museum of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. - 1915. - T. 20 . - S. 162-163 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 "Fish of Primorye" - Bathyraja smirnovi Soldatov et Pavlenko, 1915 (neopr.) . Institute of Marine Biology FEB RAS. Date of treatment January 21, 2016.
- ↑ Orr, JW, Stevenson, DE, Hoff, GR, Spies, I. and JD McEachran. Bathyraja panthera , a new species of skate ( Rajidae: Arhynchobatinae ) from the western Aleutian Islands, and resurrection of the subgenus Arctoraja Ishiyama // NOAA Professional Paper NMFS. - 2011 .-- Vol. 11. - P. 50.
- ↑ Ishihara, H.,. Study on the systematics and fishery resources of the North Pacific skates (Pisces: Chondrichthyes: Rajidae ). - Ph.D. dissertation .. - Tokyo University, 1990. - P. 186.
- ↑ I. Beveridge, RA Campbell. Revision of the Grillotia erinaceus (van Beneden, 1858) species complex ( Cestoda: Trypanorhyncha ), with the description of G. brayi n. sp . (English) // Systematic Parasitology. - 2007-04-07. - Vol. 68 , iss. 1 . - P. 1-31 . - ISSN 0165-5752 . - DOI : 10.1007 / s11230-006-9082-2 .
- ↑ Wen-feng Peng, Sheng-fa Liu, Bing-li Wang, Mei-mei Wei. A checklist of parasitic nematodes from marine fishes of China // Systematic Parasitology. - 2011-04-13. - Vol. 79 , iss. 1 . - P. 17–40 . - ISSN 0165-5752 . - DOI : 10.1007 / s11230-010-9288-1 .
- ↑ Liang Li, David I. Gibson, Yuan-Yuan Liu, Lu-Ping Zhang. Morphological and molecular study of the poorly known species Pseudanisakis rajae (Yamaguti, 1941) (Nematoda: Acanthocheilidae ) from elasmobranchs in the Yellow Sea and Taiwan Strait off the coast of China (English) // Systematic Parasitology. - 2011-12-20. - Vol. 81 , iss. 2 . - P. 115–123 . - ISSN 0165-5752 . - DOI : 10.1007 / s11230-011-9331-x .
- ↑ Tokranov A.M., Orlov A.M., Sheiko B.A. Commercial fish of the continental slope of the Kama Kamchatka waters. - Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky: Kamchatpress Publishing House, 2005. - P. 30-31. - 52 p. - ISBN 5-9610-0022-2 .
- ↑ Giants A. Ya. Encyclopedia of the Sakhalin Region (Neopr.) . encsakhalin.su. Date of treatment January 13, 2016. (unavailable link)
- ↑ A. M. Tokranov. The closest relatives of sharks (stingrays). Unfamiliar Kamchatka fish. The fauna of Kamchatka. Kamchatka Territory, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky - a local history site about Kamchatka (Neopr.) . www.kamchatsky-krai.ru. Date of treatment December 4, 2015.
- ↑ Tokranov A.M., Orlov A.M. Skates of the genus Bathyraja of the Kamchatka waters // Aquatic bioresources, aquaculture and ecology of reservoirs: Proceedings of the second int. scientific and practical conf. - Kaliningrad, 2014 .-- DOI : 10.13140 / 2.1.5003.2322 .
- Tokranov A.M., Orlov A.M., Sheiko B.A. Commercial fish of the continental slope of the Kama Kamchatka waters. - Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky: Kamchatpress Publishing House, 2005. - P. 30-31. - 52 p. - ISBN 5-9610-0022-2 .
- Tokranov A.M., Orlov A.M. Skates of the genus Bathyraja of the Kamchatka waters // Aquatic bioresources, aquaculture and ecology of reservoirs: Proceedings of the second int. scientific and practical conf. - Kaliningrad, 2014 .-- DOI : 10.13140 / 2.1.5003.2322 .
