Aitys' [1] among Kazakhs ( Kazakh. Aitys ), Kyrgyz (from Kyrgyz. Aitysh - tale) and Bashkirs ( Bashk. Aitysh ) - an impromptu contest of two akyns , a form of oral folk song poetry. Performed with accompaniment on folk stringed instruments ( dombra among Kazakhs and Bashkirs or komuz among Kyrgyzs).
During the aitys, two akynes sitting (less often - standing) opposite each other perform a kind of song dialogue, constantly passing the line, picking up the opponent’s words. Songs during the contest can be on any arbitrary topic. According to the results of the competition, the winner is selected, while both musicality and rhythm, as well as ingenuity in parrying the opponent's arguments, are evaluated.
Several akyns can take part in aitys, although speaking in pairs is the most common, and more often competitions between a man and a woman.
Aitys in Kazakhstan
Aitys are divided into aitys-riddle , aitys-praise, aitys-fable and others.
Competitions on aitys are regularly held in Kazakhstan.
The most famous Kazakh akyns who became famous in the skill of aitys: Zhanak Sagyndykuly (1770–1856), Shozhe Karzhaubayuly (1808–1895), Suyunbai Aronuly ( 1815–1898 ), Birzhan-sal ( 1834–1897 ) and Sarah Tastanbekkyzy ( 1878–1916 ) in 1946, composer Mukan Tulebaev based on aitys between Birzhan and Sarah wrote the opera Birzhan and Sarah ), Torebay Yeskozhauly (1844 - 1911), Dzhambul Dzhabaev (1846 - 1945), Aset Naimanbaev (1867 - 1922). Modern akyns - Rinat Zaitov , Balgynbek Imashev , Zhandarbek Bulgakov , Didar Kamiev and others.
In 2014, the National nomination of Kazakhstan “The Art of Performing the Traditional Dombra Coyu” was included in the “Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of UNESCO”, and in 2015, the Kazakh-Kyrgyz nomination was included in this list
Censorship
The government of Kazakhstan, represented by the then Minister of Culture of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Mukhtar Kul-Mohammed, tried to censor the aitys, urging to sing only “independence and Astana ” and “ Elbasy ” [2] [3] . Aitys participants were also urged not to touch on the Zhanaozen theme [4] . Attempts by the jury to give a low rating to akyn Baurzhan Kaliolla, who spoke about the Zhanaozen events of 2011 , aroused the indignation of the audience [5] . Since improvisation is used in aitys, this remains the last bastion of freedom of speech [6] .
In 2013, in the aytis “Siyer Ulyk Bolsa, sen sүy” in honor of Tole bi , Kazybek bi and Ayteke bi , after a verbal duel between Rinat Zaitov , who sharply criticized the powers that be, and Meirbek Sultanhanov, the judges awarded the victory to Sultanhanov , the audience expressed their dissatisfaction with the jury's decision with noise and whistle. After a half-hour meeting, the jury declared the akyns "equal." [7]
Sources
- ↑ Dictionaries give the first form of aitys ; see “Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary” (1979) or “Consolidated Dictionary of Modern Russian Vocabulary” (1991), and “Great Soviet Encyclopedia” (3rd ed., 1969-1978) - a form of aitysh
- ↑ Censorship cannot shut ayts only thanks to the people
- ↑ Censorship will not be able to shut aitys only thanks to the people - Rambler-News Archived on December 8, 2015.
- ↑ Aitys and censorship - news on Ak Zhaiyk website
- ↑ Ural akyn sang about ayta in Almaty about Zhanaozen and earned third place Archived on February 7, 2015.
- ↑ Kazakh authorities intensify censorship in aitys
- ↑ Nұrtay Lakhanuly. Aitys in Alma-Ata ended in scandal = Almatydaғy aytys ayғai-shumen ayataldy. - Azattyқ Radios, 05/10/2013.
- Aitys // Kazakhstan. National Encyclopedia . - Almaty: Kazakh encyclopedias , 2004. - T. I. - ISBN 9965-9389-9-7 .
Literature
- Auezov M. and Sobolev L. Folklore and the epos of the Kazakh people. - 1939.
- Ғabdullin M. Қазақchalkynyң ayyz әdebietі (Kazakh oral folk art). - Almaty, 1958.