Hemer dialects

According to the classification given in the Atlas of the Slovak Language (1968), the Hemerian dialects, Western, Middle, Eastern and Upper Gron, are combined into the southern Middle Slovak group together with the Zvolen , Gontian , Novograd and Tech dialects ^[4] , this group is opposed to the northern dialects of the Middle Slovak dialect - Oravian , Turkish , Liptov and Upper Nitran ^[14] .

The Gemera area is formed by several groups of dialects with a relatively large fractionality of division ^{[5] [6]} :

• Western dialects ( nárečia západného Gemera ):
  • Sushi dialects ( nárečie sušianske );
  • Roman dialects ( nárečie rimavské );
  • dialects of the Bija Valley ( nárečie Bižskej doliny );
  • the dialects of the upper Rimavitsa ( nárečia na hornej Rimavici );
• medium dialects ( nárečia stredného Gemera ):
  • dialects of the Ratkowska Valley ( nárečie Ratkovskej doliny );
  • dialects of the Murano Valley ( nárečie Muránskej doliny );
  • the dialects of the Štitnice Valley ( nárečie Štítnickej doliny );
• Eastern dialects, or dialects of the Slan Valley ( nárečia východného Gemera, nárečia Slanskej doliny );
• Verkhnegronsky dialects ( horehronské nárečia ).

In the classification of R. Krajcovic (and in his terminology), Gemer dialects form four areas (dialect groups) - West Hemerian, Middle Hemer, East Hemerian (Slansk) and Verkhnegron. Together with Ipelsky, Novogradsky and Gontiansky these areas are assigned to the southeast dialect region as part of the Middle Slovak macroareal. West-German and Middle-German dialects belong to the main areas, East-German and Upper Gron dialects belong to transitional areas. Within the Middle Slovakian macroareal , the ranges of the southeastern region are opposed to the areas of the northwestern region (the main ones are the Lower Orava , Middle Orava , Turkish, Liptov, Zvolensky, Upper Nitra, Tekovsky, as well as the transitional ones are the Upper Orava , Banov , Topolchan and ^[3] Eastern ) .

On the dialectological map of I. Ripka presented in the Atlas of the Population of Slovakia ( Atlas obyvateľstva Slovenska ) (2001), Hemer dialects, together with Zvolen, Gontian and Novograd dialects, are included in the dialect of the southeastern region as part of the Middle Slovak macroareal . The area of ​​distribution of Hemer dialects is presented as a single area, not divided into smaller dialect units. Southeastern dialects are opposed to dialects of the northwestern region - Orava, Liptov, Tekov, Turkish and Upper Nitra ^[9] .

The Gemer dialect range is located in the central part of Slovakia in the historical region of Gemer . According to the modern administrative-territorial division of Slovakia , the area of ​​Hemerian dialects is located in the eastern regions of the Bansko Bystrica Territory (the largest settlements of this region are Rimavsk-Sobota , Revuts , Roznava ) ^{[11] [16] [17]} .

From the east and northeast, the area of Spiera dialects of the East Slovakian dialect adjoins the area of Hemerian dialects , and the area of ​​dissimilar Slovak dialects, partly common with Hungarian dialects, is adjacent to the area of Spissian dialects from the East Slovak dialect. In the north, Gemer dialects border the area of Liptov dialects of the northern group of the Middle Slovak dialect . In the west, the Gemer dialects are adjacent to other dialects of the southern Middle Slovak group : in the southwest - with Novograd dialects, in the northwest - with zvolensky ^[11] .

The name of the Hemerian dialects, as well as the names of a significant part of the remaining Slovak dialects, are associated with the medieval administrative units of the Kingdom of Hungary , within which during the period of feudal fragmentation the formation of the Slovak dialect landscape took place. The Gemer dialects got their name from the name of the ^{[18] [12]} .

Despite the significant heterogeneity of the Gemer dialectal range, all its dialects are characterized by some common linguistic features. At the same time, linguistic phenomena typical of the entire Middle Slovak dialect and local specific linguistic features prevail in the characterization of Hemer dialects. Local peculiar features include those that have parallels in other Slovak dialects ^[13] .

In the field of phonetics, the common dialectic phenomena of the Hemer dialects of medium Slovak origin include ^[16] :

1. The presence of phonological longitude.
2. The development of the vowel o in the place of the reduced v in a strong position: von , voš , mox , šesnok , rož . As in the other southern Middle Slovak dialects in the Gemer area, the vowel o is presented as a reflex in those cases in which the vowel e : kod , kobi is noted in the northern Middle Slovak dialects (northern Sred . Keď , kebi ). The vowel o is also marked as a reflection in the suffixes of diminutive nouns: domšok , xlapšok (northern sredneslov . Domček , xlapček ).
3. Spread bilabial u̯ at the end of the syllable and the words: brau̯ , bratou̯ , sľiu̯ka , prau̯da .

Among the common Middle Slovak morphological phenomena , such as ^[19] are widespread:

1. The presence of feminine nouns and adjectives in the form of the singular instrumental case, as well as some pronouns with the ending ou̯ : mojou̯ dobrou̯ ženou̯ , so mnou̯ .
2. The presence of inflection -u in the forms of animate nouns of the masculine genitive of the singular in -a : gazdu , precede , starostu .
3. Use of personal pronouns in the forms of the genitive and dative cases such as mojho , nážho , tvojmu , vážmu .

The general local phonetic phenomena in the Gemeres area (partly known in other Slovak dialects) include ^[19] :

1. The lack of the law of rhythmic contraction: dává , xválí , vidáná , kládu̯ól . An exception is the dialects of Southwest Gemer.
2. The presence of pre-Slavic combinations * ort- , * olt- with neo-acute intonation of the combinations rot , lot : rosnem , rožeň , rokita , loket , loňi .
3. The presence in place of the Proto-Slavic short and long nasal * ę vowels ä and ȁ : mäso / meso , pȁtok / pei̯tok / pi̯atok . Vowels ä and ȁ can be in positions after bilingual consonants and after soft consonants in the place of the original a : kämen , ukȁzač , do polä .
4. Moving longitude to the previous syllable in some forms: vidána , zamrznúti , širu̯oki , úhľa , nu̯osa ( sredn . Word . Nosi̯a ), xu̯oďa ( sredn . Word . Xoďi̯a ). This phenomenon, which formed in the area of ​​the spread of Hemerian dialects, penetrated into the neighboring central Slovakian Gontian dialects.
5. Development of the consonant š in the place č : šo , maška , šitá , oši .
6. The presence of prostheses v in the forms of personal pronouns of the 3rd: von , vu̯on , vona .

Among the specific Gemer morphological phenomena inherent in some cases and other Slovak dialects, are noted ^[19] :

1. Distribution of verbs in the form of the 1st person plural of the present tense with the ending -mo : robímo , dámo , bijemo .
2. The presence of the participle form on -l of the auxiliary verb bíť - búl / bú , bula . In Western Hemerian dialects, the forms bou̯ , bola are noted.
3. Distribution of forms of interrogative pronouns like kotor , kotrá .
4. The presence of a negative particle ni ( nit ) in the forms of the auxiliary verb: ni som , ni si , nit je , etc.

Sources

• Krajčovič R. Vývin slovenského jazyka a dialektológia. - Bratislava: Vydavateľstvo Slovenskej Akadémie Vied, 1988 .-- 344 S. - ISBN 80-223-2158-3 .
• Pauliny E. Fonologický vývin slovenčiny. - Bratislava: Slovenské pedagogické nakladateľstvo, 1963. - 360 S.
• Short D. Slovak // The Slavonic Languages ​​/ Comrie B., Corbett G. - London, New York: Routledge, 1993 .-- P. 533-592. - ISBN 0-415-04755-2 .
• Štolc J. , Habovštiak A. , . Atlas slovenského jazyka. - 1 vyd. - Bratislava: SAV , 1968-1984. - T. diel I-IV (I. Vokalizmus a konsonantizmus; II.Flexia; III.Tvorenie slov; IV.Lexika).
• Lifanov K.V. Dialectology of the Slovak language: Textbook. - M .: Infra-M, 2012 .-- 86 p. - ISBN 978-5-16-005518-3 .
• Grammar of the Slovak language. - Bratislava: Slovak Pedagogical Publishing House, 1985. - 182 p.
• Smirnov L.N. West Slavic languages. Slovak language // Languages ​​of the world. Slavic languages . - M .: Academia , 2005 .-- S. 274-309. - ISBN 5-87444-216-2 .