Hassan Pasha

In 1638, Murad IV took Baghdad and established control over the interfluve of the Tigris and Euphrates . In the 17th century, conflicts with Persia weakened the forces of the Ottoman Empire in Iraq. The weakening of central authority in Iraq led to an increase in tribal nobility and resulted in an intensification of hostility between the Sunnis and Shiites . The situation worsened after the invasion of the Bedouin tribes from Arabia . The Bedouin raids on Iraq severely destroyed the provincial economy. The Kurds led by the Baban dynasty revolted and began armed operations against the Ottoman forces , they soon took control of all Iraqi Kurdistan . Between 1625 and 1668 and from 1694 to 1701 , local sheikhs from the Siyab clan ruled Basra as independent rulers and ignored the power of the Ottoman Pasha in Baghdad ^{[3] [4]} . Until the end of the 17th century, the whole of southern Iraq was engulfed by continuous uprisings of the large Bedouin tribes of muntafik, and the Qubaids, who tried to seize power in the Basra e-mail . The Ottoman army, led by the Baghdad Pasha , took Basra in 1701 and pacified the south of Iraq ^[4] .

The Ottoman Empire lost in the Polish-Turkish war of 1683 - 1699 and lost significant territories in Europe and tax revenues from them. There also remained a threat of military invasion by the Safavids . In these unfavorable conditions, the Ottoman authorities were forced to yield to the urgent requests of Hasan Pasha for unification under his rule the Baghdad, Mosul and Shakhrizor provinces ^{[5] [6]} .

Hassan Pasha was a Mameluke of Georgian descent ^[7] . He was married to the daughter of favorite Sultan Mohammed IV . He showed himself in the war of 1683-1699, was awarded three bunchuk at the end of the war. Hassan Pasha first received the post of Vali Karamania , but was soon appointed Pasha of Baghdad. In 1702 he arrived in Iraq , measured the Janissaries and local Arab tribes, in 1704 he established control over the entire interfluve of the Tigris and Euphrates ^[8] . In 1715, he managed to secure the appointment of his son to the post of governor of Pashalyk Basrai ^[8] . After the annexation of southern Iraq, Hassan Pasha became one of the most powerful governors of the Ottoman Empire ^[8] . Hassan Pasha created his own administrative apparatus, including the Department of the Interior, the Treasury and the Chancellery. On his orders, a special school was opened in which slave boys were trained, mainly from among Georgians and Circassians . These reforms strengthened the governor’s power and improved the provincial defense. In the war with Iran of 1723-1727, the Iraqi army almost independently conducted military operations ^{[9] [10]} . Hassan Pasha died in 1723, he was succeeded by his son Ahmad Pasha, who continued the policy of his father ^[6] .

• The rise of the Mamelukes
• Chapter 3. The Ottoman Empire. Turkey. Great Britain. XVI-XX centuries - Shumov S.A., Andreev A.R. Iraq: History, People, Culture